UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES BY: ROHAN ARORA

INTRODUCTION
.An unmanned aircraft system is just that a system. It

must always be considered as such. The system comprises a number of sub-systems which includetheaircraft (often referred to as a UAV or unmannedair vehicle), its payloads, the control station(s) (and, often, other remote stations), aircraft launch andrecovery sub-systems where applicable, support sub-systems, communication sub-systems, transport,subsystems etc.

CATEGORIES
UAVs typically fall into one of six functional categories : 1Target and decoy ground and aerial gunnery a target that

simulates an enemy aircraft or providing missile 2. Reconnaissance providing battlefield intelligence 3Combat providing attack capability for high-risk missions (see Unmanned combat air vehicle) 4Logistics UAVs specifically designed for cargo and logistics operation 5Research and development used to further develop UAV technologies to be integrated into field deployed UAV aircraft 6Civil and Commercial UAVs UAVs specifically designed for civil and commercial applications

Categories of Systems Based upon Air Vehicle Types

HALE High altitude long endurance. Over 15 000 m altitude and 24+ hr endurance. MALE Medium altitude long endurance. 500015 000 m altitude and 24 hr endurance. TUAV Medium Range or Tactical UAV with range of order between 100 and 300 km. These air vehicles are smaller and operated within simpler systems than are HALE orMALE and are operated also by land and naval forces. Close-Range UAV used by mobile army battle groups, for other military/naval operations and for diverse civilian purposes. They usually operate at ranges of up to about 100 km MUAV or Mini UAV relates to UAV of below a certain mass (yet to be defined) probably below 20 kg, but not as small as the MAV, capable of being hand-launched and operating at ranges of up to 30 km

NAV(OR NANO UAV) Their future use is yet to be fully determined, but may include flying into and around the interior of buildings and natural structures, such as caves, to provide information as to the position of the structures contents and condition

Military roles rescue, Navy Shadowing enemy fleets Decoying missiles by the emission of artificial signatures Electronic intelligence Relaying radio signals Protection of ports from offshore attack Placement and monitoring of sonar buoys and possibly other forms of anti-submarine warfare Army Reconnaissance Surveillance of enemy activity Monitoring of nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) contamination Electronic intelligence Target designation and monitoring Location and destruction of land mines Air Force Long-range, high-altitude surveillance Radar system jamming and destruction Electronic intelligence

Lift-induced Drag Fundamentally, an aircraft remains afloat simply by accelerating an adequate mass of air downwards and, as Newton discovered, the reaction force in the opposite direction opposes the gravitational force which constantly tries to bring the aircraft back to ground

1.The aspect ratio of a wing is the ratio the wing span to the mean chord of the wing.

2.To obtain long range, therefore, the designer is driven to design an aircraft which will cruise at high altitude and have a long wing in order to reduce the induced drag at high altitude. The wing area must not be greater than that necessary for take-off at a reasonable speed and length of run, and an acceptable minimum flight speed at altitude; otherwise the parasitic drag will be increased. This results in a very slender wing of aspect ratio perhaps in the range 2025 which then gives a structural design challenge to achieve it without incurring excess weight

System Composition Control Station (CS) NAVIGATION AIR VEHICLE PAYLOADS CONTROL STATION TRANSPORTATION SUPPORT EQUIPMENT LAUNCH & RECOVERY OTHER SYSTEM INTERFACES COMMUNICATION

Summary It may be concluded that, without the need to carry the weight and volume of a human crew and its support equipment, an unmanned aircraft is able to carry a greater proportion of its total weight in fuel. Without the provision of crew accommodation and outside vision, the fuselage may be shaped for lower drag. The combination of the two will give a UAV a longer endurance than its manned equivalent.