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BASICS OF AIR CONDITIONING

PART1

BASICS OF AIR CONDITIONING Part 1

Introduction Definition Expectations Categories of Air Conditioning Methods of Heat Transfer Respiration Losses Factors Affecting Human Comfort Outdoor Air

Introduction:
Air Conditioning is a form of refrigeration. When we use air as a medium for cooling, we call it Air Conditioning. Refrigeration is a process of producing cold or a process of taking away heat. As per laws of nature, The heat is always flow from high temperature region to low temperature region. Based on this phenomenon only we can done the Air Conditioning. Whenever the room temperature below the surrounding temperature then cooling process takes place.

Definition of Air Conditioning :

Air Conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.

The primary objective of Air Conditioning is cooling.

Expectations: An Air conditioning system must be able to treat air so as to: Cool or Heat to regulate temperature. Humidify/Dehumidify to regulate moisture content. Filter to reduce contaminants. Ventilate to regulate fresh air requirements air quality and odor. Circulate to regulate air motion no drafts/no suffocation. The system which takes care of all the these aspects can truly called a Complete Air Conditioning Process. But in real life it cant possible.

Categories of Air Conditioning:

Air Conditioning process can be divided in two categories. Such as Comfort Air Conditioning. Process Air Conditioning.

Comfort Air Conditioning:

The comfort air conditioning is related to human comfort. The primary objective of this process is human comfort for the people working in the premises.

Process Air Conditioning:

The objective of process air conditioning is to maintain the conditions which will help in carrying out the process effectively and satisfactorily. The conditions to be maintained in process or material being handled and the controlled parameters therefore vary greatly from process to process.

Some of the major process air conditioning applications and their primary objectives are mentioned below.

Textile air conditioning the primary concern is humidity to be maintained properly. Printing and paper manufacturing Close temperature and humidity control. Electronics/computer rooms air cleanliness, lower temperatures and close humidity. Pharmaceuticals IAQ, positive static pressure in the space. Hospitals/operation theaters quality of air/contamination control. Music and sound recording rooms acoustics. CNC machine control panels/air conditioners for control rooms and switch rooms unit design with very high sensible heat load capacity and controlled humidity to ensure no condensation of moisture.

Methods of Heat transfer:

There are four ways by which heat transfer takes place:

Conduction
Convection Radiation Evaporation

 Conduction whenever our body parts come in contact with

any object or air which is at a lower temperature than the body temperature, then the heat transfer takes place.

Convection when the body is rejecting heat, the air closer

to the body becomes warmer than the air which is away from the body. As warm air is lighter than the cold air. This is done by convection method.

Radiation The heat transfer takes place due to temperature

difference between body and the objects in the premises which are at a lower than the body. The radiant heat is transferred from a warmer body to colder objects or surfaces without heating the medium between the two.

Evaporation the rate at which the body is rejecting heat is

faster than the rate at which the surrounding air can absorb it.

Respiration Losses:
During respiration, the body looses both sensible and latent heat by convection and evaporation. The velocity over the skin is also important influencing the feel of comfort. Temperature levels considered as comfortable vary depending on many factors. Such as,

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Level of Activity. Nature of Activity. Type of clothing. Personal preferences. Age. Sex. Geographical conditions. Non uniform temperatures within the space etc.,

Factors Affecting Human Comfort:

Temperature Relative Humidity Air motion

Temperature Greater is the temperature

difference, faster is the heat flow.

Relative Humidity whenever temperature is

raised or lowered the relative humidity changes.

Air motion Air motion affects the heat rejection

from the body. Forced air convection accelerates the rate of evaporation.

BASICS OF AIR CONDITIONING

PART2

BASICS OF AIR CONDITIONING Part 2

Properties of Air Daltons law of partial pressures Saturated Air Dew point, dry bulb & Wet bulb temperature Standard Air Atmospheric Pressure Specific Density Specific Volume Relative, specific Humidity Types of heat

Properties of Air:
76% N2 23% O2 1% Other

Dry Air 1 Kg

Fig1: Composition of Dry Air

Daltons law of Partial Pressures:

If dry air and water vapour is mixed in a container, the pressure exerted by this mixture is the addition of the pressure exerted by each of two gases. The volume occupied however, is the same as if the entire volume is occupied by each gas at its partial pressure.

Dry Air Water Vapour Partial Pressure Partial Pressure

Total Pressure

The total enthalpy of the mixture is the sum of the enthalpies of each constituent at this partial pressure.

Saturated Air:
When the air and saturated water vapour occupied same volume, we say air is saturated. In reality only water vapour is saturated.

Dew Point Temperature:

The temperature at which the moisture starts condensing is called dew point temperature.

Dry Bulb Temperature:

This is the temperature of air as indicated by an ordinary thermometer.

Wet Bulb Temperature:

This is the temperature registered by the thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wetted wick over which air is moving at a velocity of 2.5 10.0 m/s. The difference between the readings of wet and dry bulb thermometer is called wet bulb depression.

Standard Air: ASHRAE defines standard air as dry air at0sea level having an 0 atmosphere pressure of 101.325 kPa, at 20 C (or) 70 F,14.696 Psia. Atmospheric Pressure: The weight of the air pushing down the earth is referred to as atmospheric pressure. A Barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 101.325 kPa or 760 mm of mercury column. Specific Density: The air is heated at constant pressure, the air would expand and therefore weigh less per unit volume. this property is defined as specific density. Specific density means weight of air per unit volume. The unit of measure is kg / m3. The specific density of air at standard condition is 1.204 kg / m3.(0.075 lb/ft3)

Specific Volume:
Specific volume is reciprocal of specific density. Specific Volume indicates how much volume or space one kilogram of air will occupy. The unit of measure is m3/kg.
The air is heated then its specific volume would Increase, which means the specific density will decrease. This property of air helps us in determining fan performance and selecting fan motor sizes. The specific volume of air at standard condition is 1/1.204 or 0.830 m3/kg.(13.33 ft3/lb).

Relative Humidity:
It is the ratio of the actual partial pressure of water vapour to its saturation pressure corresponding to the same dry bulb temperature. It indicates the ability of air to absorb additional moisture and is expressed as a percentage.

Fig: Dry air is heavier than moist air

Fig: Cold air is heavier and warm air is lighter.

Specific Humidity: Specific humidity indicates the amount of moisture present in the air and is expressed in terms of grams of moisture per kg of air. Specific humidity is a more dependable indication of actual moisture present in the air.