CHILD LABOUR

BY RAHESH SUTARIYA
B . K . M . I . B . A .- H . L . B . B . A .
INTRODUCTIO
N
Defining Child labour
§Child labour means a child under
a specified age by law – carrying
out some labour-work – by
willingness or by force
§
§Obligatory for all countries to
set a minimum age for employment
§
§Legal stand by Indian
Jurisdiction
§
§Part time jobs are not child
labour
 Details on Child
Labour in India
§Number of children working as child
labour is increasing

§Majority of them working as unpaid

workers

§Most of the workers are illiterate

§
§Most of them are boys
§
§
 Details on Child
Labour in India
§Children are made to work in
hazardous conditions
§
§Work conditions are unhygienic too
§
§
 Historical
Aspect
§In Ancient India it was the
duty of king to educate every
girl and boy
§
§Child labour existed in form
of child slaves
§
§Children helped their parents
in household and handicrafts

§
§
 Historical
Aspect
§An enormous growth in
European industry
§
§
Why use Children?
§Less demanding
§
§More obedient
§
§Less likely to Resist or Object
§
§Requires lower pay
§
§Not protected by law or
representatives
 weaving carpet
bangle making

Begging Where do Making chai

Rag children
Looking after
picking work? siblings
Cutting gems
Family
cultivati
on
match box
coolies
 Number of working
children less than
Area 15 years
Total Unpaid Percentage
(million) family of total
workers
World 52.0 41.0
(million) 80
South-East 29.0 23.0 80
Asia
East Asia 9.1 6.4 70
Africa 9.7 9.2 95
Latin 3.1 2.0 65
America
Europe 0.7 0.4 50
USSR - - -
North 0.3 - 10
America
Oceania 0.1 0.1 85
Source: ILO Bureau of statistics and special
 Child ’ s
Psychology
§In 3 aspects:
§
1)Nature
2)Nurture
3)Role Model
 FACTORS
LEADING TO
CHILD LABOUR
 Poverty
§ Monetary constraints

§ Limited means and more

mouths to feed
Ø
§ Common in most Asian and
African countries
 Illiteracy
§Don’t understand the need of
their children

§Don’t realize importance of

education
Access to Quality
Education
§Lack of decent education

§Working as a better option

Ø
§Lack of Government funds
towards education system
 Industrial
Revolution
§MNCs prefer child workers
Ø
§Less pay and more work
Ø
§No union problems with them
 Laws And
Enforcement
§Not enforced in agriculture
or domestic work
Ø
§Labour department and labour
inspections offices are often
under funded and under
staffed
 Other
Factors
§Parental ignorance regarding
the bad effects of child labour
Ø
§The infectivity of child labour
laws in terms of implementation
Ø
§Boring and unpractical school
curriculum
facts
ners Of Establishment

Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge

Mode of Employment

Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge

 Wages Earned

Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge

ste of Child Workers

In percentage

Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge

 Age Composition

Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge

Education Profile

Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge

 Working Hours

Source: Child Labour A Global Challenge

 Different
norms in
different
industries
 The C hildren
( Pledging of
labour ) Act , 1933
§Any such agreement is void &
penalties would be imposed for
violation of the Act

§The penalty would be Rs.200 on

employer & Rs.50 on guardians
The Employment O f
Children Act , 1938
§Any child who has not
completed his 14th year will
NOT be allowed to work
§
§Family units and Training
schools of Government
§
§Certificate
§
§Violation of this Act
he Factories Act , 1948
§Persons between the age of 14
years to obtain a certificate
of fitness

§Every factory is supposed to

maintain registers giving all
details of child workers
The Minimum Wages
Act , 1948
§A person below 15 years

§Minimum wages

§It also has provisions

regarding hours of work
 Working in
Mines

Working in
Beedi
industry
 Some Other
Norms
§The plantation Labour
Act,1951
§
§The Motor Transport Workers’
Act, 1961
§
§Atomic Energy Act, 1962
§
§The Beedi and Cigar Workers’
Act 1966
§
 Some Other Norms
§Radiation Protection Rules,1971
§
§Apprentices Act, 1961

§The Mines Act, 1952

§
§Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
§
§
CASE STUDY
 INSIGHT IN THE
REAL WORLD
 CAPITAL OF CHILD LABOUR
 (HYDERABAD)


Total
children

10/12/09 CENSUS REPORT 2001

CASE STUDY

§4 0 , 0 0 0
ch ild re n a re
e m p lo ye d
§M a n y w o rke rs a re fro m
N a lg o n d a , K u rn o o l,
M ehboobnagar
§
§E ve ryd a y a ro u n d 4 0 - 5 0
ch ild re n u n d e r 1 4 a re re scu e d
R easons Visio
n
§To make state
§Presence of
middlemen child labour free
by 2015
§Unsound
legislation §Make strict law

§Low income §
§Provide
Education, Food,
etc
 CASE STUDY - 2
§Story mentioned in the pamphlets
of UNICEF

§A teacher Inderjeet khurana

§Started with the railway school

§
§Today 12 platforms schools reach
around 400 children in Orissa's
station
§
§
 Non
governmental
organization
 NGOs
§Action Aid India

§CARE India
§
§CINI ASHA
§
§Concerned for Working
Children(CWC)

§CREDA (Centre for Rural

Education and Development Action)
 NGOs
§Global March Against Child
Labour
§
§Prayas
§
§Salaam Baalak Trust
§
§Save the Children (UK) in
India
§
§World Vision India
 Butterflies
§Main aim is to empower street
and working children
§
§In contact with more than 1500
under privileged children
§
§They also work with 6000
Tsunami affected children
 CRY
§Started in 1979 by Mr Rippan
Kapur
§
§Through other 500 NGOs
over15,00,000 children across
India
§
§Their funds are mainly from two
sources
1)Donation from individual and
organization
2)From Sales of their products
§
 Samvedana
§Founder Janki Vasant
§
§Founded in 2002
§
§Working with 300 under
privileged children

§
§
Government
measures
 Gurupadaswamy
Committee
§First committee for the problem

§Founded in 1979

§Act was enacted in 1986 based on

the recommendations of this
committee
 National Child
Labour Policy
§Founded in 14, august-1987

§The policy consists of three

main aspects:
1) Legal action plan
2) Focusing of general
development programmes
3) Project based plan of action
 National Child
Labour Project
§Founded in 1988

§Facilities
1) Non formal and formal
education
2) Skilled and craft training
3) Supplementary nutrition
4)Stipend health care
facilities
 Tenth Five Year
Plan
§Increases school to 10,000
§
§Expanded to 150 districts in 10th
plan
§
§Sarva siksha abhiyan
§
§Convergence with
1)Education
2)Rural development
3)Health and women and child
development
National Authority
For Elimination Of
Child Labour
( NAECL )
th
§Major programs launched on 15
August,1994

§Function of NAECL
1) To lay down policies and
programs
2) Act as monitor
3)To coordinate the implementation
Technical Advisory
Committee

§Set up in accordance with the

provisions of section 5 of the
child labour act,1986

§To advice the central

government
 INDO - US Child
Labour Project
( INDUS )
§An estimated 80,000 children
Components :

1)Withdrawing children in the

age group 8-14
2)Making provision for
systematic vocational
education
3) Providing viable income
 Measures to
eradicate
child labour
 Measures
§Rural co-operatives should
provide loans, and financial aid
to the rural poor
§
§Rehabilitation programmes aims at
improving the working environment
of the child
§
§Minimum Wages Acts should be
strictly followed
 Measures
§Child labour should not be
under the jurisdiction of the
Ministry of Labour
§
§Top priority should be given
to universalization and
elementary education for
children
§
§The programmes like “Earn-while
you learn” should be introduced
 Measures
§Government should implement the
Poverty Elevation Programmes
§
§Educating the child is not
enough without educating the
parents
§
§More budget allotment

§Campaigning

§
 Measures
§Trade unions plays a very
important and effective role
§
§The rate of fertility should be
controlled
OUR VISIT TO
GANATAR
( NGO )
 GANATAR
§Ganatar was registered as the
trust as well as society under
respective legislation in 1992
§
§Their work areas are
1)Kutch
2)Patan
3)Ahmedabad
4)Nal Sarovar
 GANATAR
§The 2 programs they working on
are
1) Education to prisoner’s children
2) Evacuation of children from Tea
stalls, Hotels, Hawkers, Way sides
§
§Mainly the children of migrant
workers are the victims of push-
outs from the school
 GANATAR
§From their observation 25%
of the child labour is reason
of push-out and not drop-out
§
§Ganatar has opened up
seasonal hostel
§
§Ganatar has given the
education to almost 2000
children in Rann of Kutch
GLIMPSES OF CHILD
LABOUR AROUND US
These kids roam
around the Nehrunagar
circle

Panjrapole
crossing
They live in
Gulbai tekra
 hild ’ s Psychology
Child

Self-
Actualizati
on
Self-
esteem
needs
Social
needs
Safety
needs
Physiological
needs
Child ’ s Psychology
Conscious mind

Sub-conscious mind

Un-conscious mind

Suppressed needs

Repression of needs

Stress
Child ’ s Psychology
Misbehaviour

Disrupt personality
Poor v / s Rich
Poor v / s Rich
Poor v / s Rich
Poor v / s Rich
Poor v / s Rich
 Bibliography
§Child Labour: A global Challenge, Tapan
Kumar Shandilya,Deep and Deep
publications,2006
§Child Labour in India, Mishra,
Lakshmidhar,Oxford University press, New
Delhi
§UNICEF Pamphlet issued for child Labour
§Samvedana Pamphlet
§Ganatar Pamphlet
 Interview
s
§Child psychologist Ms. Bhairavi
§Ganatar head Sukhdev Patel
§Informal talks with street Children and
parents
ources of Information
§www.cry.org
§www.akanksha.org
§www.childlabor.in
§www.geocities.com
§www.indianembassy.org
§www.indianchildren.com
§www.oneworld.net
§www.unicef.org

§
§
§
Special thank to:
B.K.M.I.B.A.-H.L.B.B.A.
 THANK - YOU

REQUEST to all powerful

people: PLEASE stop
exploiting children