BOUNDARY LAYERS

Propulsion Systems Joseph O. Camacho S00954886

NAVIER-STOKES AND EULER EQUATIONS

The flow of an incompressible, viscous fluid is described by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations:

NAVIER-STOKES AND EULER EQUATIONS

Here, u(x, t) is the fluid velocity, p(x, t) is the pressure, and = 1/Re is the dimensionless viscosity, or inverse Reynolds number. Setting = 0, we get the incompressible Euler equations,

NAVIER-STOKES AND EULER EQUATIONS

Both the Navier-Stokes and the Euler equations are first order in time, and they require the same initial condition for the velocity.

No initial condition is required for the pressure. The Navier-Stokes equations are a singular

perturbation of the Euler equations because they contain higher order spatial
derivatives. As a result, the Navier-Stokes equations require different boundary conditions from the Euler equations to be well-possed.

NAVIER-STOKES AND EULER EQUATIONS

Suppose that the fluid flows in a region with a stationary, solid boundary . The appropriate boundary condition for the Navier-Stokes equations is the non-slip condition:

NAVIER-STOKES AND EULER EQUATIONS

Which means that a viscous fluid sticks to the boundary. The appropriate boundary consideration for the Euler equations is the no-flow conditions

Where n is the unit normal vector to the boundary.

NAVIER-STOKES AND EULER EQUATIONS

Thus, for a viscous fluid both the normal and tangential velocities are zero at the boundary, whereas for an inviscid fluid only the normal velocity is zero. Prandtls idea was that when the viscosity is small, a thin boundary layer forms near the boundary in which the tangential velocity component adjust rapidly from a nonzero value away from the boundary to a zero value on the

boundary.

NAVIER-STOKES AND EULER EQUATIONS

Outside the boundary layer, the inviscid equations hold, and inside the boundary layer, viscosity becomes important because the solution varies rapidly in the direction normal to the boundary and the higher-order viscous terms become significant.

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

We will consider 2D flow over a flat boundary. We write the spatial coordinates as x = (x, y) as the velocity U = (u, v), where u(x, y, t) and v(x, y, t) are the x and y velocity components, respectively. We suppose that there is a solid boundary located at y = 0. The component form of the 2D Navier-Stokes flow y>0 is

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

With the non-slip boundary conditions

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

And initial conditions

We assume that v0 (x, 0) = 0, so that the initial data is compatible with the no-flow condition, but we do not necessarily assume that u0 (x, 0) = 0. For example, we may consider a plate that is set impulsively into motion at t = 0.

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

The leading-order outer solution in y >0, which we still denote by (u, v, p), satisfies the inviscid Euler equations obtained by setting = 0.

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

With initial conditions

And the non-flow boundary condition

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

These equations determine the outer solution. We cannot impose the full non-slip condition, since the resulting inviscid problem is over-determined and in general u (x, 0, t) 0. Inside the boundary layer, we expect that
The solution varies rapidly in y, since u has to adjust from a nonzero value in the outer, inviscid solution to a zero value on the boundary; The transverse component v of the velocity is small, since it vanishes on the boundary and in the leading-order outer solution at y=0

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

The solution varies on an order one longitudinal length-scale in x, and the longitudinal component u of the velocity is of the order one.

Here, we have implicitly non-dimensionalized lengths and velocities by characteristic values of the outer, inviscid solution.

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

We therefore look for an inner solution of the form

Where inner variables are donoted by capital letters, and () and () are small scaling parameters for the transverse velocity in the boundary layer and the boundary layer thickness, respectively. Using these expressions in the Navier-Stokes, we get

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

An examination of these equations shows that we have a dominant balance when

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

Thus, the boundary layer thickness is of the order ^.5 L, where L is a lengthscale characteristic of the external flow. The scaled equations in the boundary layer are then

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

The leading order inner equations are therefore

These equations are the Prandtl boundary layer equations. The second equation implies that the pressure is independent of Y.

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

The inner boundary layer solution must match as Y with the outer inviscid solution as y 0. It follows that

Where U*, P* are given in terms of the outer solution by

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

These functions satisfy the compatibility relation obtained by setting y = 0 and v = 0 in the inviscid equations

It follows from the equation Ux + Vy = 0 that

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

Which matters with the inner expansion as y 0,

Thus, we do not require matching conditions on V. The corresponding initial condition for U is

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

More generally, if the original initial data contains a boundary layer, so that

then

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

We do not require an initial condition for V. Thus, the final unsteady boundary layer equations are

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

Where u0 (X, Y) and U* (X, T) are prescribed functions, and P* (X, T) is given by

For steady boundary layer flows, with U > 0, these equations reduce to

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

Where P*x = -U* U*x The notion of a boundary layer is a crucial concept for understanding high-

Reynolds number (Re >>1) fluid flows.

Nevertheless, the phenomena of turbulence and boundary layer separation lead to severe limitations in the use of boundary layer theory as a

quantitative asymptotic theory.

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

Boundary layer theory applies in the limit Re . In that limit however, all flows with non-zero vorticity (which includes boundary layer flows) are turbulent. Turbulent flows posses a complex and apparently random fine structure, whose length-scales depend on the Reynolds number. The simple scaling assumed above for laminar boundary layer may become turbulent at Reynolds numbers of the order 10^6, and a systematic mathematical theory for turbulent flows is still lacking.

2D BOUNDARY LAYER EQUATIONS

Boundary layer separation is a phenomena in which the boundary layer leaves the boundary and enters the interior of the fluid. When this happens, there is a strong coupling between the outer flow and the boundary layer, often accompanied by turbulence. Separation is reflected in the boundary layer equations by the formation of

singularities, which typically occur unless Uy > 0 throughout the solution.

LAMINAR FLOW
Laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. There are no cross currents perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies

or swirls of fluids. In laminar flow the motion of the particles of fluid is very
orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.

LAMINAR FLOW
In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection. When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates, either of two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity of the fluid: laminar flow or turbulent flow. Laminar flow tends to

occur at lower velocities, below the onset of turbulent flow.

LAMINAR FLOW
The type of flow occurring in a fluid in a channel is important in fluid dynamics problems. The dimensionless Reynolds number is an important parameter in the equations that describe whether flow conditions lead to laminar or turbulent flow. In the case of flow through a straight pipe with a circular cross-section, at a Reynolds number below the critical value of approximately 2040 fluid motion will ultimately be laminar, whereas at larger Reynolds number the flow can be turbulent.

LAMINAR FLOW
The Reynolds number delimiting laminar and turbulent flow depends on the particular flow geometry, and moreover, the transition from laminar flow to turbulence can be sensitive to disturbance levels and imperfections present in a given configuration. When the Reynolds number is much less than 1, Creeping motion or Stokes

flow occurs. This is an extreme case of laminar flow where viscous (friction)
effects are much greater than inertial forces.

LAMINAR FLOW
The common application of laminar flow would be in the smooth flow of a viscous liquid through a tube or pipe. In that case, the velocity of flow varies from zero at the walls to a maximum along the centerline of the vessel. The flow profile of laminar flow in a tube can be calculated by dividing the

flow into thin cylindrical elements and applying the viscous force to them.

LAMINAR FLOW
Consider the flow of air over an aircraft wing. The boundary layer is a very thin sheet of air lying over the surface of the wing (and all other surfaces of the aircraft). Because air has viscosity, this layer of air tends to adhere to the wing. As the wing moves forward through the air, the boundary layer at first flows smoothly over the streamlined shape of the airfoil. Here the flow is called laminar and the boundary layer is a laminar layer. Prandtl applied the concept of the laminar boundary layer to airfoils in 1904.

LAMINAR FLOW

TURBULENT FLOW
In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow in which the kinetic energy dies out due to the action of fluid molecular viscosity is called laminar flow. While there is no theorem relating the nondimensional Reynolds number (Re) to turbulence, flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 5000 are typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those at low Reynolds numbers usually remain laminar.

TURBULENT FLOW
In Poiseuille flow, for example, turbulence can first be sustained if the Reynolds number is larger than a critical value of about 2040; moreover, the turbulence is generally interspersed with laminar flow until a larger Reynolds number of about 4000. In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag.

TURBULENT FLOW
Although laminar-turbulent transition is not governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased. Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman described turbulence as "the most important unsolved problem of classical physics.

TURBULENT FLOW

TURBULENT FLOW

HEAT TRANSFER
The time-averaged differential equation for energy in a given flow field is linear in the temperature if fluid properties are considered to be independent of temperature. Thus, the concept of a Heat Transfer Coefficient arises such that the heat transfer rate from a wall is given by:

HEAT TRANSFER
Where the heat transfer coefficient, , is only a function of the flow field. Tw is the wall temperature and Tr, the recovery or adiabatic wall temperature. The above is also true of the Boundary Layer energy equation, which is a particular case of the general energy equation. When fluids encounter solid boundaries, the fluid in contact with the wall is at

rest and viscous effects thus retard a layer in the vicinity of the wall.

HEAT TRANSFER
For large Reynolds Numbers based on distance from the leading edge, these viscous layers are thin compared to this length. When the wall is at a different temperature to the fluid, there is similarly a small region where the temperature varies. These regions are the velocity and thermal boundary layers. In 1905 Prandtl showed that this thin region could be analyzed separately from the bulk fluid flow in that pressure variation normal to the wall may be neglected and the pressure is given by that impressed by the free stream.

HEAT TRANSFER
Velocity normal to the wall is also of order, of the thickness of the boundary layer, the characteristic velocity being that of the free stream and the length being the distance from the leading edge. Thus, the boundary layer equations for steady incompressible laminar flow in two dimensions may be approximated to be:

HEAT TRANSFER
p, T, u and v are the flow pressure, temperature and velocities along and perpendicular to the surface, respectively. , , cp and are similarly the thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat and density. x and y are Cartesian coordinates along and perpendicular to the surface. The classical laminar solution to the momentum equation was provided by

Blasius for the case of a semi-infinite flat plate aligned with uniform flow.

REFERENCES
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-50-introduction-topropulsion-systems-spring-2012/ Boundary layer theory, Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling www.Wikipedia.org https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~hunter/m204/boundary.pdf

http://www.thermopedia.com/content/596/