Bio-energy and Environmental sustainability a case of India

Jayant Sarnaik Applied Environmental Research Foundation, India www.aerfindia.org

Outline
Introduction

Major drivers influencing bio-energy development

Availability and sources of biomass
Biomass based power generation Biomass utilization by different sectors Biomass as a traditional source of energy Liquid bio-fuels and energy security

Environmental sustainability

Environmental impacts of bio-energy production

Bio-fuels and biodiversity Transition to sustainable energy futures
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Introduction
AERF is registered NGO working in India , in the field of Participatory Conservation for last 15 years. A member of IUCN and Roundtable on Sustainable Bio fuels , AERF is working for mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in development and business sector through five thematic programs: Sacred Groves conservation Applied Biodiversity Research Communities, Conservation and climate change. Energy and Biodiversity Business and Biodiversity
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Major drivers influencing bio-energy development

Favorable agro-climatic conditions and rich natural resource base Leading producer of various agro-commodities with substantial bioenergy potential( sugar, rice , wheat, cotton, fruits and vegetables) Contribution of Agriculture to Indias GDP- 15% Long term support to bio-energy at policy level Fourth largest economy and fifth largest GHG emitter Easy access to carbon funding
(

Source : Pewclimate.org, ibef.org )

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Availability and sources of biomass

Categories Biomass Availability in Million Tonnes
Agriculture residues A Rice straw Rice husk Jute Sticks Wheat straw Cattle dung B Bagasse 9 19.9 2.5 50.5 1335.00 Agro-industrial by products 28.1 22.4 58.4 15.7 2.3 37.5 128

Coal equivalent in Million tonnes

Molasses
Oil-seed cakes Saw dust C Mahua flowers Leaves , top etc.

2.1
6.7 2 Forest products 1 3.3
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0.8
0.9 3.4 0.4 3

Continued
Biomass availability estimates
Year Biomass estimates ( in Million tonnes ) Ravindranath Biomass Atlas IISC Production Surplus** 139.4 157.9* 178.8* 239.2*

1996-97
1998-99 2004-05 2010-11 2024-25

626.5
653.4* 741.0* 840.6 1127.3* 546.4 619.0* 701.2* 938.0*

Notes: * Projections based on 2.12% annual growth (same as Ravindranaths two year values) ** Surplus biomass fraction assumed constant as given in biomass atlas of IISc.

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Biomass based power generation

Sr.no . State Up to 31.03.2003 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Total (MW) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Andhra Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Madhya Pradesh 160.05 11 0.5 4 109.38 0 37.7 ---26 1 69.5 --2 16.6 -12 16.5 --72.5 -22 85.8 --29.8 -33 33.5 --8 -9 9.88 --12 -343.25 156.1 0.5 6 274.28 1

7
8 9 10 11

Maharashtra
Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Uttar Pradesh Total

24.5
22 0 106 46.5 381.3

--7.8 44.5 12.5 129.5

11.5
--22.5 14 136.1

-6 7.5 -48.5 163

40
-8 42.5 -228.1

38.5
--75 79 266

41.5
-8 18.2 172 270.5

155.5
28 31.3 308.7 372.5 1677.13

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Continued
Potential for energy production from industrial wastes- Total 1800 MW (2009)

Actual power generation from industrial waste including under development- 180 MW.
Potential for power generation from Municipal solid waste 3650 MW Potential for Combined Heat and Power generation in Indian industry- 8000 MW Contribution of Sugar industry to CHP potential- 5000 MW.
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Biomass utilization by different sectors

States
Different
Biomass Fodder Domestic fuel Biomass based power plants Brick kilns Mulching Thatching Cement Oil mills 3.2 3.04 5 2.35 0 6.86 8.42 1.79 0.41 0.28 1.25 20.02 18.41 1.24 4.2 3.5 1.06 0 5.64 0 1.79 0.89 0 0

Rajasthan
uses of %

Maharashtra
%

Chattisgarh
%

Punjab
%

59.88
11.43

44.15
8.64

64.27
0

56.51
3.68

Left in the field

Other local industries using biomass

4.57

12.5

4.64

1.72

1.96

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Biomass as a traditional source of energy

Per capita consumption of biomass as source of energy- 380 Kgs ( 1991).

Share of biomass in total primary energy consumption of country 45%

Share of fuel wood in traditional energy use53%

Household level consumption of biomass as source of energy- 83%

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Liquid bio-fuels and energy security

India is the fifth largest and one of the fastest growing petroleum oil consumers in the world.

Annual growth in Indias carbon emissions/year3.2%

72% of Indias requirement of Oil is met through imports.

Indias oil import expenditure has grown 3 folds since 2004-05 due to increase in prices.
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Policy and development of Bio-fuels

Major trigger for adoption of bio-fuels- GOIs transport policy for stricter environmental norms - Euro III/Euro IV. Ethanol blended petrol production started in 2003. Requirement of Ethanol production for 5% blending- 2.3 billion liters. Target for blending is 20% for 2017. Main raw material for ethanol production- molasses. Estimated bio-diesel processing capacity -200,000 Metric tons/year, however plants are non-operational. Reasons for lack luster performance of bio-diesel sector- single species based production policy.(2003)
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Production of Ethanol( Million Liters)

Item\Year Total 2006/07 Molasses 13.11 2007/08 11.31 20008/09 6.88 2009/10 8.60

Production
tons)

(Million

Total Alcohol Production 2280 Opening Stocks Imports Total Supply Industrial Use 700 39 3019 650

1890 1269 5 3164 700

1,032 1,254 200 2,486 700

1,420 706 200 2,326 720

Potable Liquor
Ethanol Gasoline Other Use for

800
Blended 200

850
280

880
100

950
50

100

110

100

110

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Environmental sustainability
Ensuring that the overall productivity of accumulated human and physical capital resulting from development actions more than compensates for the direct or indirect loss or degradation of the environment. The World Bank

To ensure environmental sustainability while achieving development- Millennium Development Goal- 7

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Environmental impacts of bio-energy production and use

Land use conversion
Degradation of and threats to eco-sensitive regions Loss of biodiversity and threats from invasive species. Indoor air pollution Water stress and pollution Reduction in ecosystem resilience to climate change
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Molasses based Ethanol production

Waste water generation ethanol produced per liter- 8-12 liters.

Characteristics of wastewater- COD-35000-70,000 mg/l, BOD-20,000-40,000 mg/l, TDS- 40,000-60,000 mg/l

Inadequate and energy intensive treatment methods leading to severe pollution of surface and ground water. Energy required for treatment of wastewater balances out energy generated from Ethanol. Detailed LCA necessary.
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Bio-fuels and Bio-diversity

India is one 17 megadiverse countries in the world.

There are more than 300 native oilseed bearing tree species in India.

Significant potential to tap underutilized species for biofuel production and conserve native species diversity

Pongamia pinnata, Madhuca indica and Calophyllum innophyllum , Azdirachta indica are some of the high yielding biodiesel feedstock species.

Jatropha curcas is an exotic and toxic species which has failed as a crop in various states of India.

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Transition to sustainable energy futures

Resource assessment key to energy planning and environmental sustainability. Decentralized energy solutions are economically viable and environmentally sustainable.( AERF projects)

Research and development in underutilized bio-energy feedstock( Calophyllum innophyllum) needs to be promoted.

Advanced technologies to improve efficiency and reduce resource consumption.

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Opportunities for low carbon bio-fuel production

Harnessing the existing potential of cashew on 1 million hectares across various states of India- avoiding land use change

Converting waste into energy- no competition with food

Potential solution at industrial scale

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Thank you!
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