unit-1

Definition of Energy: Energy can be defined as the ability (or) capacity to do work The different forms of energy: Energy can be obtained in number of way. It may be in the form of (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Chemical energy Electrical energy Heat energy Light energy Mechanical energy Nuclear energy due to chemical reaction due to flow of electron due to thermal vibration due to radiation of light due to moving parts due to nuclear reaction

The SI unit of energy is Joule (or) N/m.

2

Introduction
In 1950 Total installed capacity in India 1700 MW. In 1994- Total installed capacity in India 7000 MW. 233929 MW as of December 2013 The per capita electricity consumption in India Is 684 units(1 unit=1kwhr), in contrast to the US per capita consumption 13246 units.
3

Contd.
Total population in USA is 4.45% of world population and consumes 19% energy Total population in INDIA is 17.4% of world population and consumes 7% energy. Peak Load: the maximum load on an electrical power-supply system Or electricity consumed in peak hours. Base Load: constant part of the total load on an electrical power-supply system.
4

contd.
Installed capacity: Output when all the installed machines are running at full load. when you build an electricity generating station there is a maximum amount of electricity that the station can produce at any given point in time. That is the "installed capacity". If the station operates at 100% capacity, producing the maximum amount of electricity every hour of every day over a year, then we can use the "installed capacity" in order to easily calculate the total electricity that the station has produced.
5

Cont.
In India the installed capacity is 2287212 MW POWER PROVIDED =135453MW In US the installed capacity is 1000 GW POWER PROVIDED =400GW
Thermal power plants are usually run as base power plant. Hydroelectric power plants can be RUN BOTH AS PEAK LOAD PLANTS as in small time we can increase the amount of power.
6

Energy Sources
Energy Sources

Primary Source

Secondary Source

Solar, Wind, Geothermal, tidal etc

Primary
7

Category of energy resource On the basis of availability, the energy resources are broadly categories as, Primary energy resources Secondary energy resources

Primary energy:

All energy originates from natural sources such as coal, solar, wind, hydro are called primary energy resources.

Secondary energy: The energy converted from primary energy sources. For example, the solar energy can be converted into electricity
8

The primary sources of energy can be classified as: 1. Solar 1. Solar Energy

Light
Heat

2. Chemical Energy Fossil Fuel

Chemical Energy Petroleum Coal
10

 4. Nuclear Energy 5. Wind Energy the secondary energy sources are usually converted from primary energy sources. we get such as -Mechanical( Kinetic) Electrical Energy Heat Energy
11

Main Objective of this course is

how primary sources of energy can be most conveniently economically converted in to electrical energy.

12

Law of conservation of energy According to law of conservation of energy, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. But, one form of energy can be converted to another form. Example: A battery generates electrons from chemical reactions, which are used to make electrical energy.
A heater convert electrical energy into heat energy.

The human leg converts the chemical energy stored in the muscles into mechanical energy when you pedal a bicycle.
13

Types of Energy sources

1. Conventional energy sources (or) Non-renewable energy sources 2. Non-Conventional energy sources (or) Renewable energy sources

(1) Conventional energy (or) Non-renewable energy Conventional (or) Non-renewable energy sources are those, which cannot be replaced continuously. Generally, non-renewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids, gases and solids. Examples: The conventional (or) Non-renewable energy sources are Oil, Coal, Petroleum and natural gas, Nuclear energy
14

Non-Conventional energy (or) Renewable energy Renewable energy is a source of energy that can never be exhausted and can be replaced continuously
We can obtain renewable energy from the sun, from the water, from the wind, from crop residues and waste
The types of Non-conventional (or) Renewable energies are

Solar energy Wind energy Biomass energy Geothermal

Tidal energy Hydro energy Biofuels Wave Power

15

Energy Future Prospects Crisis and Demand

Energy is related to economic well being in the same manner as a foundation of building is to the structure which rests upon it. And just as the foundation must be laid first , energy must be available before any economic activity. Further more a small variation in energy supply will result in disproportionally large variation in economic output.
16

Contd.
The traditional fuel sources are being depleted. The reserve capacity for fuel production is rapidly decreasing. The construction of planed production facilities has been delayed non fossil fuel energy sources need to be developed.
17

Need for alternative energy sources

The production of oil and natural gas is likely to touch a maximum before the end of this century. Most of the resources are likely to be consumed by the year 2020. Because of the shortage of oil and natural gas at the end of this century a great burden will be on coal. Nuclear power is also limited and there is also a danger of heated hazard compared to other method of power generation.
18

Contd.
Hydroelectric power will soon reach to its capacity. Keeping in mind the above points it is clear that a need exists for developing alternative sources of energy.

19

Solar energy

Solar energy comes from the light of the sun, which means it is a renewable source of energy. We can use the sun light to create pollution free electricity The solar cell is the system used to convert the sunlight energy into electrical energy

20

Solar collectors

21

Areas of the world with high Solar radiation

The basic resource for all solar energy systems is the sun. Knowledge of the quantity and quality of solar energy available at a specific location is of prime importance for the design of any solar energy system
22

Although the solar radiation is relatively constant outside the earth's atmosphere, local climate influences can cause wide variations in available radiation on the earths surface from site to site.
In addition, the relative motion of the sun with respect to the earth will allow surfaces with different orientations to intercept different amounts of solar energy. It is the primary task of the solar energy system designer to determine the amount, quality and timing of the solar energy available at the site selected for installing a solar energy conversion system.
23

advantages
Solar energy is free although there is a cost in the building of collectors and other equipment required to convert solar energy into electricity or hot water. 2. Solar energy does not cause pollution. However, solar collectors and other associated equipment / machines are manufactured in factories that in turn cause some pollution.
24

Contd.
3. Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is too expensive to extend the electricity power grid. 4. Many everyday items such as calculators and other low power consuming devices can be powered by solar energy effectively. 5. It is estimated that the worlds oil reserves will last for 30 to 40 years. On the other hand, solar energy is infinite (forever).
25

disadvantages
Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and sunny. 2. Solar collectors, panels and cells are relatively expensive to manufacture although prices are falling rapidly. 3. Solar power stations can be built but they do not match the power output of similar sized conventional power stations. They are also very expensive.
26

Contd.
4. In countries such as the UK, the unreliable climate means that solar energy is also unreliable as a source of energy. Cloudy skies reduce its effectiveness. 5. Large areas of land are required to capture the suns energy. Collectors are usually arranged together especially when electricity is to be produced and used in the same location.
27

Contd.
6. Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered devices can be used at night. However, the batteries are large and heavy and need storage space. They also need replacing from time to time.

28

Tidal energy
Tidal energy is the energy due to the water waves created in the ocean. The tidal energy is also called hydropower. It is a hydropower due to raise and fall of water wave in ocean. The raise and fall of water wave is due to the gravitational forces of the moon and sun as well as the revolution of the earth The raising and falling waves are used to rotate the turbines and hence the electricity is produced.

29

30

Turbine rotation due to Tidal

31

Advantages of Tidal Energy

1) It is an inexhaustible source of energy. 2) Tidal energy is environment friendly energy and doesn't produce greenhouse gases. 3) As 71% of Earths surface is covered by water, there is scope to generate this energy on large scale. 4) We can predict the rise and fall of tides as they follow cyclic fashion.

32

Contd.
5) Efficiency of tidal power is far greater as compared to coal, solar or wind energy. Its efficiency is around 80%. 6) Although cost of construction of tidal power is high but maintenance costs are relatively low. 7) Tidal Energy doesnt require any kind of fuel to run.
33

Contd.
8) The life of tidal energy power plant is very long. 9) The energy density of tidal energy is relatively higher than other renewable energy sources.

34

Disadvantages of Tidal Energy

1) Cost of construction of tidal power plant is high. 2) There are very few ideal locations for construction of plant and they too are localized to coastal regions only. 3) Intensity of sea waves is unpredictable and there can be damage to power generation units.

35

Contd.
4) Influences aquatic life adversely and can disrupt migration of fish. 5) The actual generation is for a short period of time. The tides only happen twice a day so electricity can be produced only for that time. 6) Frozen sea, low or weak tides, straight shorelines, low tidal rise or fall are some of the obstructions.
36

Contd.
7) This technology is still not cost effective and more technological advancements are required to make it commercially viable. 8) Usually the places where tidal energy is produced are far away from the places where it is consumed. This transmission is expensive and difficult.

37

Contd.
Tidal Energy is thus a clean source of energy and doesnt require much land or other resources as in harnessing energy from other sources. However, the energy generated is not much as high and low tides occur only twice a day and continuous energy production is not possible.

38

Wind energy

Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air
Wind energy systems convert kinetic energy to more useful forms of power.

Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling have been in use since ancient times From beginning of the 20th century it is being used to generate electric power.
39

Wind is simple air in motion. wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earths surface by the sun. During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over water. The warm air over the land expands and rises, and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place, creating winds. This winds are used to rotate turbine blades which spins the generator to produce electricity

40

ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:

1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently. 2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house gases or other pollutants. 3. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural areas as farming can still continue.

41

Contd.
4. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape. 5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own supply. 6. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world.

42

Contd.
7. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good use of range of wind turbines available today.

43

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:

1. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time. There will be times when they produce no electricity at all. 2. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these large structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form for everyone to enjoy.

44

Contd.
3. Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car travelling at 70 mph. 4. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly. 5. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore wind power does produce some pollution.

45

Contd.
6. Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough electricity. For example, the largest single turbine available today can only provide enough electricity for 475 homes, when running at full capacity. How many would be needed for a town of 100 000 people?

46

Windmill

47

Hydro energy

Hydro energy is derived from flowing water in rivers, water streams in mountains or from man-made installations where water flows from a high-level reservoir down through a tunnel and away from the dam. A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators and the electricity is produced
48

49

50

51

Biomass energy

Biomass energy (or) bioenergy, is the energy stored in nonfossil organic materials such as wood, straw, vegetable oils and wastes from the forest, agricultural and industrial sectors.

52

53

Jatropha
Biodiesel from Jatropha Seeds of the Jatropha nut is crushed and oil is extracted The oil is processed and refined to form bio-diesel.

54

advantages
Using biofuels can reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted. They are a much cleaner source of energy then conventional sources. - As more and more biofuel is created there will be increased energy security for the country producing it, as they will not have to rely on imports or foreign volatile markets. 55

Contd.
First generation biofuels can save up to 60% carbon emissions and second-generation biofuels can save up to 80%.

- Biofuels will create a brand new job infrastructure and will help support local economies. This is especially true in third world countries. 56

Contd.
There can be a reduction in fossil fuel use. - Biofuel operations help rural development. - Biodiesel can be used in any diesel vehicle and it reduces the number of vibrations, smoke and noise produced. - Biodiesel is biodegradable. - They are non-toxic. - They are renewable. - Biodiesel has a high flash point, making it safer and less likely to burn after an accident.
57

disadvantages
The capital cost is over 700 million dollars to develop secondary biofuel processes which would yield a better quality and more efficient fuel and reduce greenhouse gas emissions even more. - Biofuels are neither carbon neutral or negative as all the processes which are used to create them such as transportation, fertilizer manufacturing, fuel used for machinery, et cetera. 58

Contd.
Some times the production of some biofuels actually leads to more green house gas emissions then they decrease such as in the case of rapeseed corn. - The techniques used to find out how good biofuels are for the environment usually do not take into account other gasses emitted such as nitrous oxide which some times happen to be more prominent after biofuels have been used. 59

Contd.
Biofuels take a large expanse of area to grow. Land will have to be cleared for more growth. If rainforests and other high biomass lands are cleared on a mass scale for biofuel production (which may happen in lower income countries) then the amount of green house gases emitted would be staggering, up to 420 times more GHGs emitted. Multiple studies have been found to draw the same conclusion.
60

Contd.
- Biofuel may raise the price of certain foods, which are also used for biofuel such as corn. - Biofuel development and production is still heavily dependent on Oil. - As other plants are replaced, soil erosion will grow. - A lot of water is used to water the plants, especially in dry climates. 61

Contd.
Deforestation in South America and South Eastern Asia causes loss of habitat for animals and for indigenous people living there. - New technologies will have be developed for vehicles for them to use these fuels. This will increase their prices significantly.

62

Geothermal energy

The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). So, geothermal energy is heat from within the earth. We can use the steam and hot water produced inside the earth to heat buildings or generate electricity.

63

The earth can be compared with egg. The outer layer of the earth is called crest and the center layer is called Mantle and inner layer is called Core (Iron).

64

Below the crust of the earth, the top layer of the mantle is a hot liquid rock called magma. The crust of the earth floats on mantle. this liquid magma

For every 100 meters you go below ground, the temperature of the rock increases about 3 degrees Celsius. So, if you went about 10,000 feet below ground, the temperature of the rock would be hot enough to boil water. Deep under the surface, water close to the hot rock can reach temperatures of more than 148C.
65

This is hotter than boiling water (100C). It doesn't turn into steam because it is not in contact with the air. When this hot water comes up through a crack in the earth, we call it a hot spring and it is used to rotate the turbines and the electricity is produced.

66

The most active geothermal resources are usually found along major plate boundaries where earthquakes and volcanoes are concentrated. Most of the geothermal activity in the world occurs in an area called the Ring of Fire.
67

advantages of Geothermal Energy

1) It is a renewable source of energy. 2) By far, it is non-polluting and environment friendly. 3) There is no wastage or generation of byproducts. 4) Geothermal energy can be used directly. In ancient times, people used this source of energy for heating homes, cooking, etc.
68

Contd.
5) Maintenance cost of geothermal power plants is very less. 6) Geothermal power plants don't occupy too much space and thus help in protecting natural environment. 7) Unlike solar energy, it is not dependent on the weather conditions.

69

Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy

1) Only few sites have the potential of Geothermal Energy. 2) Most of the sites, where geothermal energy is produced, are far from markets or cities, where it needs to be consumed. 3) Total generation potential of this source is too small. 4) There is always a danger of eruption of volcano.

70

Contd.
5) Installation cost of steam power plant is very high. 6) There is no guarantee that the amount of energy which is produced will justify the capital expenditure and operations costs. 7) It may release some harmful, poisonous gases that can escape through the holes drilled during construction.
71

BIOFUEL
Plants use photosynthesis to grow and produce biomass.
Also known as biomatter, biomass can be used directly as fuel or to produce liquid biofuel. Agriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasse (often a by-product of sugar cane cultivation) can be burned in internal combustion engines or boilers.

72

Typically biofuel is burned to release its stored chemical energy. Research into more efficient methods of converting biofuels and other fuels into electricity utilizing fuel cells is an area of very active work.

73

LIQUID BIOFUEL

Liquid biofuel is usually either a bioalcohol such as ethanol fuel or a bio-oil such as biodiesel and straight vegetable oil. Biodiesel can be used in modern diesel vehicles with little or no modification to the engine and can be made from waste and virgin vegetable and animal oil and fats (lipids).
74

Virgin vegetable oils can be used in modified diesel engines. In fact the Diesel engine was originally designed to run on vegetable oil rather than fossil fuel. A major benefit of biodiesel is lower emissions. The use of biodiesel reduces emission of carbon monoxide and other hydrocarbons by 20 to 40%.

75

Advantage of Non-conventional (or) Renewable energy resources

1. It is fact that the consumption of conventional sources of energy has caused more environmental damage than any other human activity. 1. The use of fossil fuels such as oil and coal produce high concentration harmful gases in the atmosphere and creates so many problems such as Ozone depletion and global warming. 1. The Non-conventional energy sources, such as the sun and wind, can never be exhausted and therefore are called renewable. They cause fewer emissions and are available locally.
76

77

Solar cell:

Solar cell is a photovoltaic device that converts the light energy into electrical energy based on the principles of photovoltaic effect

Photo means light in Greek and Volt is the name of a pioneer in the study of electricity Alessandro Volta

Albert Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics for his research on the photoelectric effecta phenomenon central to the generation of electricity through solar cells.
In the early stages, the solar cell was developed only with 4 to 6 % efficiency( because of inadequate materials and problems in focusing the solar radiations). But, after 1989, the solar cells with more than 50% efficiency was developed.
78

Principle, construction and working of Solar cell

Principle: The solar cells are based on the principles of photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect is the photogeneration of charge carriers in a light absorbing materials as a result of absorption of light radiation. Construction

Solar cell (crystalline Silicon) consists of a n-type semiconductor (emitter) layer and p-type semiconductor layer (base). The two layers are sandwiched and hence there is formation of p-n junction.
The surface is coated with anti-refection coating to avoid the loss of incident light energy due to reflection.
79

80

81

 A proper metal contacts are made on the n-type and ptype side of the semiconductor for electrical connection Working:

When a solar panel exposed to sunlight , the light energies are absorbed by a semiconduction materials.
Due to this absorded enrgy, the electrons are libereted and produce the external DC current. The DC current is converted into 240-volt AC current using an inverter for different applications.

82

Mechanism: First, the sunlight is absorbed by a solar cell in a solar panel. The absorbed light causes electrons in the material to increase in energy. At the same time making them free to move around in the material.

However, the electrons remain at this higher energy for only a short time before returning to their original lower energy position.
Therefore, to collect the carriers before they lose the energy gained from the light, a PN junction is typically used.
83

 A PN junction consists of two different regions of a semiconductor material (usually silicon), with one side called the p type region and the other the n-type region. During the incident of light energy, in p-type material, electrons can gain energy and move into the n-type region. Then they can no longer go back to their original low energy position and remain at a higher energy. The process of moving a light- generated carrier from p-type region to n-type region is called collection. These collections of carriers (electrons) can be either extracted from the device to give a current, or it can remain in the device and gives rise to a voltage.
84

The electrons that leave the solar cell as current give up their energy to whatever is connected to the solar cell, and then re-enter the solar cell. Once back in the solar cell, the process begins again:

85

How Solar Cells Work

1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon. 2. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity.

3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity.
86

How Photovoltaic Solar Cell Work

p-n junction

Light can be separated into different wavelengths Only photon has more energy required can generate electron-hole pair
87

Mechanism of generation
The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons, negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors. Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric current flows between the two electrodes.

Electrode Reflect-Proof Film Solar Energy N-Type Semiconductor P-Type Semiconductor Electric Current
88

Load
Electrode

Photo Voltaic cell

Mechanism of generation
Direction of current inside PV cell
P
Inside current of PV cell looks like Reverse direction. Why?

By Solar Energy, current is pumped up from N-pole to P-pole. In generation, current appears reverse. It is the same as for battery.

N
P

Current appears to be in the reverse direction ?

Looks like reverse

N
89

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve ) A
(A)
N P

Voltage on normal operation point 0.5V (in case of Silicon PV) Current depend on - Intensity of insolation - Size of cell Normal operation point (Maximum Power point)

Short Circuit

High insolation

Current(I)

Low insolation

IxV=W
(V)

Open Circuit

Voltage(V)

about 0.5V (Silicon)

90

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation

Typical I-V Curve
5.55A 4.95A
(A) Depend on cell-size Depend on Solar insolation

Current(I)

Depend on type of cell or cell-material ( Si = 0.5V ) (V)

Voltage(V)

0.49 V 0.62 V
91

Solar Cell material

Made up of various material Silicon is most common material Phosphorous and boron are most widely used donor and acceptor dopant in Silicon respectively. Thin film solar cells have materials like: CuInSe2, CdS, CdTe, Cu2S, InP, GaAs, etc.
92

Materials for Solar cell Solar cells are composed of various semiconducting materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Crystalline silicon Cadmium telluride Copper indium diselenide Gallium arsenide Indium phosphide Zinc sulphide

Note: Semiconductors are materials, which become electrically conductive when supplied with light or heat, but which operate as insulators at low temperatures
93

Over 95% of all the solar cells produced worldwide are composed of the semiconductor material Silicon (Si). As the second most abundant element in earth`s crust, silicon has the advantage, of being available in sufficient quantities. To produce a solar cell, the semiconductor is contaminated or "doped".

"Doping" is the intentional introduction elements into the semiconductor.

of chemical

By doing this, depending upon the type of dopant, one can obtain a surplus of either positive charge carriers (called p-conducting semiconductor layer) or negative charge carriers (called n-conducting semiconductor layer).
94

 If two differently contaminated semiconductor layers are combined, then a so-called p-n-junction results on the boundary of the layers.
p-n junction layer

n-type semiconductor p- type semiconductor

By doping trivalent element, we get p-type semiconductor. (with excess amount of hole) By doping pentavalent element, we get semiconductor ( with excess amount of electron) n-type

95

Solar Cell, Module, Array

- An individual PV cell typically produces between 1 and 2 watts

96

4. A solar panel (or) Solar array

Single solar cell

The single solar cell constitute sandwiched with p-type layer.

the

n-typpe

layer

The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large-area p-n junction made from silicon wafer. A single cell can produce only very tiny amounts of electricity It can be used only to light up a small light bulb or power a calculator. Single photovoltaic cells are used in many small electronic appliances such as watches and calculators
97

Single Solar cell

N-type P-type

98

Solar panel (or) solar array (or) Solar module The solar panel (or) solar array is the interconnection of number of solar module to get efficient power. A solar module consists of number of interconnected solar cells.

These interconnected cells embedded glass plate to protect from the bad whether.

between

two

Since absorption area of module is high, more energy can be produced.

99

100

Contd.
A typical silicon cell can produce up to 0.5V and up to 6 amp i.e. 3W power. A number of cells are combined to form a MODULE. MODULE combined to form a panel. Panels are combined to get an array.

101

Contd.
For increasing the necessary output current and power output a number of modules having same nominal voltage to be connected in parallel. Let V= Operating voltage of solar generator Vn= Nominal voltage of a module. Ns= number of modules connected in series NP= number of modules connected in parallel
102

Contd.
THEN Ns=V/Vn and Operating current I=(P/V) amp. NP=I/In where I is the operating current and In is the nominal current of a module. Hence total number of modules in the solar generator N= Ns.NP
103

Contd.
A certain solar cell type has an output capability of O.5A at 0.4Volts. A series / parallel solar array has been designed of such cells with 100 parallel strings and each string has 300 cells in series. Calculate : (i) Voltage capability (ii) Current capability and (iii) Power output capability of array.
104

Solar - How Solar Plants Work

There are two ways we can produce electricity from the sun: Photovoltaic Electricity This method uses photovoltaic cells that absorb the direct sunlight just like the solar cells you see on some calculators. Solar-Thermal Electricity This also uses a solar collector: it has a mirrored surface that reflects the sunlight onto a receiver that heats up a liquid. This heated liquid is used to make steam that produces electricity.

105

Contd.
Photovoltaic solar plants work like this: As light hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is converted into direct current electricity (DC). The direct current flows from the panels and is converted into alternating current (AC) used by local electric utilities. Finally, the electricity travels through transformers, and the voltage is boosted for delivery onto the transmission lines so local electric utilities can distribute the electricity to homes and businesses.

106

107

 Solar-Thermal plants work like this: Solar collectors capture and concentrate sunlight to heat a synthetic oil called therminol, which then heats water to create steam. The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-generator to produce electricity, which is then transmitted over power lines. On cloudy days, the plant has a supplementary natural gas boiler. The plant can burn natural gas to heat the water, creating steam to generate electricity.

108

109

Advantage, disadvantage and application of Solar cell

Advantage 1. It is clean and non-polluting 2. It is a renewable energy 3. Solar cells do not produce noise and they are totally silent. 4. 5. 6. 7. They require very little maintenance They are long lasting sources of energy which can be used almost anywhere They have long life time There are no fuel costs or fuel supply problems
110

Disadvantage

1. Soar power can be obtained in night time

2. Soar cells (or) solar panels are very expensive 3. Energy has not be stored in batteries 4. Air pollution and whether can affect the production of electricity

5. They need large are of land to produce more efficient power supply

111

Applications 1.Soar pumps are used for water supply.

1.Domestic power supply for appliances include refrigeration, washing machine, television and lighting
1.Ocean navigation aids: Number of lighthouses and most buoys are powered by solar cells 1.Telecommunication systems: radio transceivers on mountain tops, or telephone boxes in the country can often be solar powered 1.Electric power generation in space: To providing electrical power to satellites in an orbit around the Earth
112