APOPTOZA

Program stanine smrti moe se inducirati

This shows a chicken cell undergoing apoptosis when treated with hydroxyurea. Note the dramatic morphological changes.

Time course showing a LLCPK cell undergoing apoptosis when irradiated with UV light. DNA (yellow) was stained with Hoechst 33342. Note how rapid is the collapse of the nuclear chromatin.

Sequence of time-lapse images of a LLCPK cell undergoing apoptotic cell death. Induction of apoptosis was accomplished by culturing cells in the presence of etoposide at a final concentration of 68 M throughout observation. Green staining corresponds to fluorescence associated with Lamin A:GFP chimeric protein.

Electron micrograph of an apoptotic cell in the mammary gland. Note the dark clumps of condensed chromatin. An adjacent normal cell can be seen at the right side of the picture.

This image shows a timecourse of nuclear apoptosis. In this experiment I incubated isolated HeLa nuclei with a cytoplasmic extract prepared from cells commited to apoptosis. This extract induces apoptotic morphological changes in the HeLa nuclei.

Apoptoza
apoptotina tjeleca propidium iodide

Apoptotic human keratinocytes that were fixed with paraformaldehyde and stained with fluorescein concanavalin A. The cells were subsequently permeabilized with acetone, stained with propidium iodide and visualized by confocal microscopy. This photomicrograph clearly shows that the green-fluorescent lectin staining outlines the apoptotic surface blebs, whereas the redfluorescent propidium iodide stains the interior of the blebs.

Fagocitoza apoptotikih tijela

fosfatidilserin

Apoptotina tijela

Fagocit

Fagocitoza apoptotikih tijela

Kontrolirannje programirane stanine smrti u stanicama sisavaca

Nature 406, 135 - 136 (2000)

Verhagen et al.1 and Du et al.2 have shown that the IAP roadblock is lifted by Diablo/Smac, a protein that binds to IAPs and prevents them from inhibiting apoptosis. So Diablo/Smac determines cellular sensitivity to the apoptotic signal.

proteins of the inhibitor-ofapoptosis (IAP) family can inhibit cell death by binding to procaspases and activated caspases, thereby blocking their processing and their activity

These enzymes cleave several intracellular substrates, such as ICAD (resulting eventually in DNA fragmentation) and other cell-death regulators, ensuring the death of the cell.

DD

FADD TRADD
TRAF DED

TRADD
TRAF

FLICE

TRAF2

APOPTOZA

NFkB

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APOPTOZA

Bcl Bcl Bax Bax

PREIVLJAVANJE

Apoptoza temeljni regulacijski mehanizam

lanovi porodice Bcl