the art, science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through

several processes. These include the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena.

fotogrametri sebagai satu kajian ilmu sains, seni atau teknik mengenai pengukuran yang dibuat di atas foto yang diambil dengan menggunakan kamera metrik sama ada foto itu diambil dari udara mahupun dari permukaan bumi

the science and art of determining the size and shape of object after analysing the images recorded either on film or electronic media.

 Fotogrametri boleh dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan kamera metrik dan kamera bukan metrik seperti kamera 35mm, kamera digital, kamera CCD (Charge Couple Device) dan kamera video analog Perlaksanaan fotogrametri melibatkan tiga peringkat yang penting iaitu data input, pemprosesan data dan data output.

DEFINISI Fotogrametri digital melibatkan beberapa

proses yang berurutan (Karara ,1989)
Fotogrametri digital didefinisikan sebagai perkakasan dan perisian komputer untuk menghasilkan produk fotogrametri seperti ortofoto digital, mozek, peta topografi, model ketinggian digital (Digital Terrain Model, DTM) dan sebagainya dari imejimej digital secara semi-automatik atau automatik (Gulch (1994) dan Petrie dan Walker (1996)

Pemetaan dan ulangkaji peta (map revision)

Ortofoto digital
Penyegitigaan udara Pembentukan model ketinggian digital (DTM)

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION

An integrated digital photogrammetry system is defined as hardware/software configuration that produces photogrammetric products from digital imagery using manual and automatic techniques. The output for such system may include 3 dimensional object point coordinate, restricted surfaces, extracted surfaces and ortophotos.

Photogrammetric workstation

Hardware and software to derive photogrammetric products from digital imagery using manual and automated techniques.

Alat perolehan data,

kamera digital, pengimbas perisian

Pita-pita kapisiti tinggi Kawalan operator

Komputer

PERKAKASAN

Penglihatan stereo

CHARGE COUPLE DEVICES (CCD)

Can be used as a form of memory of for delaying samples of analog signal. Captures light and converts it to digital version film. Quality of captured images depends on the resolution of the sensors.

 In digital cameras, the resolution is measured in megapixels ( or thousands of or pixels) Therefore, an 8mp camera can capture twice as much information as 4mp camera. The result is larger photo with more detail. CCDs in video camera are usually measured by physical size. For example, most consumer digital cameras may have

DIGITAL IMAGE ACQUISITION

The cost of digital imaging sensors decreased dramatically in recent years due to increased market penetration and user acceptability. Many new imaging sensors (satellite sensor, airborne digital cameras,etc) have been invented. Airborne digital camera systems are being used in large operation projects and are expected to grow rapidly in the next five years.

 Commercial remote sensing system such as space imagings IKONOS and Digital Globes Quick Bird satellites further boost the market of image acquisition.

APPLICATION PHOTOGRAMETRIC
Topographic mapping

Digital elevation models

3D city modelling & architecture

Biometrics

Crime scene investigation

BASIC ELEMENT OF DPS

a) Photographic image camera

DPS a) Raster scanner

a) Hard copy map

INPUT

b) Digital camera image c) Scanned images

PROCESSING

OUTPUT

b) Digital photogrammetri c workstation c) Raster image plotter or film writer.

b) Ortho image c) CAD d) Digital mapping system

1. Apakah kegunaan fotogrametri digital?

2. Apakah peralatan yang di gunakan dalam fotogrametri digital?

Fingerprints Retinal scan Face recognition