Oracle Database 12c (New Features)

Riaz Ahmad 21st-November-2013

Agenda Items History of Oracle An introduction to

Traditional, Grid & Cloud Computing

Oracle Database 12c New Features Summary References Q&A Session

History of Oracle
Project Oracle
Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, Ed Oates and Bruce Scott Client C.I.A Company was dubbed "Systems Development Labs", or SDL 1978 SDL was renamed Relational Software Inc (RSI)

1977

Oracle 2
Built using PDP-11 assembler language Customers USA Air Force & CIA In1982 RSI renamed Oracle Systems Corporation

1979

Oracle 3

1983

Built using C language Could run in mainframes, minicomputers, and PCs or any hardware with a C compiler

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm

History of Oracle
Oracle 4
Support for reading consistency Export/import utilities Report Writer

1984

Oracle 5
Network connectivity Clustering technology Security features like auditing Distributed queries SQL*Plus, a tool that offers ad hoc data access and report writing SQL*Forms, an application generator and runtime system

1985

Oracle 6
PL/SQL language Hot backup capability Row level locking Oracle Parallel Server was introduced in Oracle version 6.2

1988

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm

History of Oracle
Oracle 7
Security, administration, development, and performance Stored procedures, triggers, Roles Read-only table spaces Dynamic SQL Support for declarative referential integrity All kinds of data types; including video, color images, sounds and spatial data.

1992

Oracle 8
Java HTML OLTP and support for terabytes of data

1997

Oracle 8i
the i stands for internet XML SUPPORT Temporary Tables (Session and Transaction level) FBI (Function Based Indexes) Analytic Functions SKIP LOCKED Clause

1998

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm

History of Oracle
Oracle 9i
Explicitly Named Indexes On Keys MERGE Statement External Tables Multi-table Inserts Table compression that reduced the size of tables by 3 to 10 times

2001

Oracle 10g
the g stands for grid, Grid Computing technology (share hardware resources) 1st Oracle version to support 64-bit on Linux

2003

Oracle 11g
Administrative features Case sensitive passwords Online Patching Oracle Database Replay Virtual Column Partitioning

2007

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm

History of Oracle
36 years of sustained innovation
Audit Vault Database Vault
Grid Computing Self Managing Database
XML Database Oracle Data Guard Real Application Clusters Flashback Query Virtual Private Database

Built in Java VM Partitioning Support Built in Messaging Object Relational Support Multimedia Support
Data Warehousing Optimizations Parallel Operations Distributed SQL & Transaction Support Cluster and MPP Support Multi-version Read Consistency Client/Server Support Platform Portability Commercial SQL Implementation

1977

2012
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Traditional, Grid & Cloud Computing Traditional Computing

Complicated and expensive Need a whole team of experts to install, configure, test, run, secure, and update them.

Grid Computing
Where more than one computer coordinates to solve a problem together. Grid technologies have evolved in the direction of service-orientation.

Traditional, Grid & Cloud Computing Cloud Computing

Internet-based computing Sharing computing resources rather than having Local servers or personal devices to handle the applications.

Oracle Database 12c

Next-generation database
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Oracle Database 12c Organizations embrace the cloud, they seek technologies that will transform business and improve their overall operational agility and effectiveness. Oracle Database 12c introduces a new multitenant architecture. A multitenant container database (CDB) is an Oracle database that includes zero, one, or many user-created PDBs (plugable databases).
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Oracle Database 12c

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Oracle 12c Extended Data Types Feature # 1 : Extended Data Types

Data Type Before Now

VARCHAR2
NVARCHAR2 RAW

4,000 Bytes
4,000 Bytes 2,000 Bytes

32,767 Bytes
32,767 Bytes 32,767 Bytes

Optional feature, controlled using MAX_STRING_SIZE initialization parameter One-way operation

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Oracle 12c Auto-Increments Feature # 2 : Auto-Increments

Columns which will auto increment its values whenever a new row is added. MySQL - AUTO_INCREMENT column attribute is used. MSSQL - IDENTITY column attribute is used. DB2 - GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY column attribute. Teradata - GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY column
attribute.

Sybase - IDENTITY column attribute is used. Informix - SERIAL data type is used for auto-increment columns. Oracle Two alternatives are provided with 12c
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Oracle 12c Auto-Increments

1. Identity columns
Syntax: GENERATED [ ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT [ ON NULL ] ] AS IDENTITY [ ( identity_options ) ] Example: CREATE TABLE Test_Tab1 ( id NUMBER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY, description VARCHAR2(30) );

2. Sequence Pseudo-columns
Syntax: DEFAULT sequence. NEXTVAL Example: CREATE TABLE identity_test_tab ( id NUMBER DEFAULT DbSequence.NEXTVAL, description VARCHAR2(30) );
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Oracle 12c Auto-Increments

Impact on Performance
Trigger-based test performs much worse than the others. The direct use of a sequence and the 12c identity column give comparable results, which are typically an order of magnitude faster than using a trigger to populate the ID column.

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Oracle 12c Implicit Statement Results Feature # 3 : Implicit Statement Results

Background: T-SQL Developer: How do I pass results out of a stored procedure? Oracle Developer: You use an out parameter. T-SQL Developer: But I want to return a result set. Oracle Developer: No problem, make the out parameter a ref cursor and
you're laughing.

T-SQL Developer: So I have to define out parameters for each of the

result sets I want to pass out?

Oracle Developer: Yes. T-SQL Developer: Oh man! Oracle Sucks!

* Transact-SQL allows implicit returns of results from queries
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Oracle 12c Implicit Statement Results

Example:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_my_results (p_id IN NUMBER DEFAULT NULL) AS l_cursor_1 SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN OPEN l_cursor_1 FOR SELECT description, created_date FROM t1 WHERE id = p_id; DBMS_SQL.RETURN_RESULT(l_cursor_1); SQL> EXEC get_my_results(1); END;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. ResultSet #1 DESCRIPTION CREATED_DATE ------------------------------ -------------------The value 1 06-JUL-2013 21:19:45 1 row selected.

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Oracle 12c Default Values Feature # 4 : Default Values

Default Values using Sequences
CREATE <table_name> ( Col1 NUMBER DEFAULT <sequence_name>.NEXTVAL, description VARCHAR2(30) );

Default Values on Explicit NULLs

CREATE <table_name> ( Col1 NUMBER DEFAULT <sequence_name>.NEXTVAL, Col2 NUMBER DEFAULT ON NULL <sequence_name>.NEXTVAL, description VARCHAR2(30) );

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Oracle 12c Default Values

Metadata-Only DEFAULT Values
Prior to Oracle 11g, adding a new column to an existing table required all rows in that table to be modified to add the new column. Oracle 11g introduced the concept of metadata-only default values. Adding a NOT NULL column with a DEFAULT clause to an existing table involved just a metadata change, rather than a change to all the rows in the table Oracle 12c takes this a step further, allowing metadata-only default values of both mandatory and optional columns. This represents both a space saving and performance improvement.

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Oracle 12c Truncate Table CASCADE Feature # 5 : Truncate Table CASCADE

Truncates the records in the master table and automatically initiates recursive truncate on child tables too. Truncation is subject to foreign key reference as DELETE ON CASCADE. An ORA-14705 exception will be thrown if no ON DELETE CASCADE option is defined with the foreign keys of the child tables.
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name> CASCADE; SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name> PARTITION <partition_name> CASCADE;
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Oracle 12c ROW limiting for TOP-N Feature # 6 : ROW limiting for TOP-N result
There are various indirect approaches/methods exist to fetch Top-N query results for top/bottom rows in the previous releases. Straight forward in 12c with the new FETCH FIRST|NEXT|PERCENT clauses.
Requirement # 1. retrieve top 10 salaries from EMP table. SQL> SELECT eno,ename,sal FROM emp ORDER BY SAL DESC FETCH FIRST 10 ROWS ONLY; Requirement # 2. limits the fetch to 10 per cent from the top salaries in the EMP table. SQL> SELECT eno,ename,sal FROM emp ORDER BY SAL DESC FETCH FIRST 10 PERCENT ROWS ONLY;
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Oracle 12c Session level Sequences Feature # 7 : Session level Sequences

Most useful and suitable on global temporary tables that have session level existence. Generates a unique range of values that are limited within the session, not across the sessions. Once the session ends, the state of the session sequences also goes. The CACHE, NOCACHE, ORDER or NOORDER claus es are ignored for SESSION level sequences.
Syntax : SQL> CREATE SEQUENCE my_seq START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 SESSION;
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Oracle 12c Function Optimization in SQL Feature # 8 : Function Optimization in SQL

Function itself can be defined inside the SQL statement using the WITH clause.
Syntax: WITH FUNCTION with_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS BEGIN RETURN p_id; END; SELECT with_function(id) FROM t1 WHERE rownum = 1 /

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Oracle 12c Function Optimization in SQL

Use of UDF pragma to the program unit, which tells the compiler that the function will be used primarily in SQL statements.
Syntax: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION normal_function(p_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS PRAGMA UDF; BEGIN RETURN p_id; END; /

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Summary
History of Oracle (from Oracle Projects to Oracle 11g) Discussed about Traditional, Grid & Cloud Computing Discussed about Oracle Database 12c new features
1. 2. 3. 4. Extended Data types Auto-increment Columns / Identity Columns Implicit Statement Results Defalut Values for Table Columns Default values using Sequences Default values On Explicit NULLs Metadata-Only Default Values Truncate Table Cascade Row limiting for Top-N result queries Session Level Sequences Function Optimization in SQL (With Clause, UDF Pragma)
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5. 6. 7. 8.

References
Oracle Press Release, Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle Database 12c, the First Database Designed for the Cloud, July 1, 2013, http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380 The History of Oracle, Oracle Tips by Paulo Ferreira Portugal, April 8, 2009, http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_history_oracle.htm Oracle Database 12c Release 1: Miscellaneous Articles, http://www.oracle-base.com/articles/12c/articles-12c.php. Oracle Database Documentation Library, http://www.oracle.com/pls/db121/homepage

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