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Oncomedica. Multimedica
Dr. Luis Miguel Zetina Toache Hemato Oncologia Clinica Cancer Consultants
Oncomedica- Multimedica
ndice de la presentacin
Incidencia del Cncer 2. Nuevos descubrimientos y enfoques 3. Aun as Pesimismo 4. Historia de la ciencia del DNA 5. El Genoma Humano 6. Casos Clnicos 7. Hallmarks del cncer 8. Apoptosis y ciclo celular 9. Factores de Crecimiento y Oncogenes 10. Angiogenesis 11. Conclusiones
1.
It
is much more important to know what kind of patient has a disease, than to know what kind of disease a patient has
Caleb Parry. 18th Century physician, Bath.
We used to think our fate was in our stars. Now we know, in large measure, our fate is in our genes
J.D Watson. Time Magazine 20 March 1989
23.5%
3.7%
2.2%
1.4%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
FACTORES PERSONALES
ANCESTROS
CREENCIAS
MENARQUIA MENOPAUSIA
DIETA
VIRUS PARASITOS
COMPORTAMIENTO SEXUAL
EXPOSICION A QUIMICOS
OCUPACION
HABITOS ALIMETICIOS
FACTORES AMBIENTALES
INCIDENCIA CANCER MUJERES tasa por 100,000 Todos los sitios, en mujeres Tasa de incidencia cruda x 100,000
99x100,000
92x100,00
TERAPIA
BLANCO BIOLOGICO
CANCER
DESCUBRIMIENTO Gentica Biologa Molecular
Ingeniera Gentica
Mecanismos de activacin celular
VEGF
bevacizumab
imatinib erlotinib sunetinib
EGFR
Cetuximab Panitumumab
trastuzumab
Rituximab Ofatumumab
Citoplasma
Nucleo
Division Celular
activation genetica
Mejora respuesta
Angiogenesis
Invasion y metastasis
TERAPIA BIOLOGICA
Apoptosis
HORMONO TERAPIA Proliferacion Oncogenes
TERAPIA GENICA
A PESAR DE LA EVIDENCIA CIENTIFICA DE MEJORIA EN: SOBREVIDA, PREVENCION, CONTROL Y PROBABLE CURACION HASTA EN FORMAS AGRESIVAS.............
Factores emocionales Prejuicios Retardo en el tratamiento Nociones preconcebidas por parte de mdicos, familiares y amigos. Sobre todo : FALTA DE CONOCIMIENTO
To
him who devotes his life to sciencie, nothing can give more happiness than increasing the number of discoveries, but his cup of joy is full when the results of his studies inmediately find practical applications . Louis Pasteur
PREGUNTA ABIERTA
SI usted fuese diagnosticado con Cncer o familiar o amigo, cual seria su actitud? SI se trata NO se trata DEPENDE del tipo y etapa clnica DE PLANO con quimioterapia NO SOLO si no se me cae el pelo
a) b) c) d) e)
f)
g)
Historia de Biotecnologia
50 ANIVERSARIO DE DNA
Farmacogenmica
Doble Hlice
Ceremonia de Premios Nobel. Suecia. 1962
Una molcula de azcar Una molcula de cido fosfrico 1m Una base nitrogenada:
Nucletidos
Codn
Son tres bases nitrogenadas en una secuencia de ADN o ARN, las cuales especifican un solo aminocido (1 codn = 1 aa).
Sugar-phosphate backbone
A T
A T
G C A
Por ejemplo: El codn TTT = Fenilalanina El codn TTA = Leucina El codn GTA = Valina.
T G
El codigo genetico
Son tres bases nitrogenadas en una secencia de ADN o ARN, las cuales especifican un solo aminocido (1 codn = 1 aa).
Homo sapiens otospiralin (OTOS); Location: 2q37.3 CCCATCCAGGCAGCACGGCTGGCTGAGCAGAGACAAGGGCTGCCA CACTGGGACTGGTAGAGGAAGCCCTGACGGATGGGTGGTCTCGCCC TTCCTGGGTTCATCCTGCTGCAGGTGGGCCTGAGTCGCAGATCAGAA CACCGGGAAGATGCAGGCCTGCATGGTGCCGGGGCTGGCCCTCTC CTCCTACTGGGGCCTCTTGAGGGGCCAAGCCTGTGCAGGAGGAAGG AGACCCTTACGCGGAGCTGCCGGCCATGCCCTACTGGCCTTTTCCAC CTCTGACTTCTGGAACTATGTGCAGCACTTCCAGGCCCTGGGGGCCT ACCCCCAGATCGAGGACTGGCCCGAACCTTCTTTGCCCACTTCCCCC TGGGGAGCACGCTGGGCTTCCACGTTCCCTATCAGGAGGACTGAAT GGTGTCCAGCCTGGTGCCCGCCCACCCCGCCAGGCTGCACTCGGT CGGGCCTCCACAGGCATGGAGTCCCCGCAAAAACCTGGCCCCTGCA GGAGTCAGGCCTGGTCTCACGCTCAATAAACTCCGGACTGAAGATGC A
Qu es un gen?
Unidad
fsica y funcional de la herencia. Estn compuestos por ADN. (100-2.000.000 bases). La mayora contiene la informacin para elaborar una protena especfica.
Transcriptoma: Conjunto de mRNAs que una clula determinada transcribe en una situacion normal o patolgica.
Dos mecanismos por los cuales los genes pueden alterarse: GENTICO donde se producen alteraciones estructurales del genoma por cambios en la disposicin de los propios genes o de sus bases, como ser las mutaciones, translocaciones o deleciones.
Transcriptoma
Estructura de un Gen
Dos mecanismos por los cuales los genes pueden alterarse:
GENTICO: Donde se producen alteraciones
estructurales del genoma por cambios en la disposicin de los propios genes o de sus bases, como ser las mutaciones, translocaciones o deleciones.
TRASLACION
PROTEINA
INTRODUCTION
CANCER
Cancer is an overgrowth of cells bearing cumulative genetic injuries that confer growth advantage over the normal cells [Nowells Law]
Cancer cells can be characterized as antisocial, fairly autonomous units that appear to be indifferent to the constraints and regulatory signals imposed on normal cells [Robbins]
NORMAL CELLS
Blood vessel
Few mitoses
Oncogene expression is rare Intermittent or co-ordinated growth factor secretion Presence of tumor suppressor genes
CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER
Clonality
Autonomy Anaplasia Metastasis
Hoy tenemos un claro conocimiento de las vias celulares involucradas en el desarrollo de cancer
Muchos tumores requieren de la des -regulacion de estos procesos
Auto suficiencia en seales de crecimiento Insensibilidad a seales anti-proliferacion Sensibilidad reducida a apoptosis Ilimitado Potencial de Replicaicion
CRECIMIENTO CELULAR
VRS
APOPTOSIS
REPLICACIONN
APOPTOSIS
RETINOBLASTOMA
GENES SUPRESORES
Proteosoma-Ubiquitina (proteolisis)
Genes Supresores
Rb: Retinoblastoma, cancer de vejiga, pulmon, oseo, mama p53: Involucrado en muchos canceres humanos ATM: Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated. Predisposicion a radiacion UV VHL: Von Hippel Lindau. Asociado a cancer renal PTEN: Phosphatase Tensin Homolog. Ca endometrio, gliomas, etc.
2004
Hoy tenemos un claro conocimiento de las vias celulares involucradas en el desarrollo de cancer
Muchos tumores requieren de la des -regulacion de estos procesos
Auto suficiencia en seales de crecimiento Insensibilidad a seales anti-proliferacion Sensibilidad reducida a apoptosis Ilimitado Potencial de Replicaicion
Transduction Cascade
Targets
Response
Adapted from Molecular Biology of the Cell,(2002), 4th edition, Alberts et al.
Components of Signalling
What can be the Signal?
External message to the cell
Peptides / Proteins- Growth Factors Amino acid derivatives epinephrine, histamine Other small biomolecules ATP Steroids, prostaglandins Gases - Nitric Oxide (NO) Photons Damaged DNA Odorants, tastants
SIGNAL = LIGAND
Ligand- A molecule that binds to a specific site on another molecule, usually a protein, ie receptor
Growth Factors
Ligands which bind enzyme linked receptors Signal diverse cellular responses including: Proliferation Differentiation Growth Survival Angiogenesis Can signal to multiple cell types or be specific
Growth Factors
Factor PDGF Principal Source platelets, endothelial cells, placenta submaxillary gland, Brunners gland common in transformed cells wide range of cells; protein is associated with the ECM Primary Activity promotes proliferation of connective tissue, glial and smooth muscle cells promotes proliferation of mesenchymal, glial and epithelial cells may be important for normal wound healing promotes proliferation of many cells; inhibits some stem cells; induces mesoderm to form in early embryos promotes neurite outgrowth and neural cell survival kidney activated TH1 cells (T-helper) and natural killer (NK) cells promotes proliferation and differentiation of erythrocytes anti-inflammatory (suppresses cytokine production and class II MHC expression), promotes wound healing, inhibits macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation promotes proliferation of many cell types promotes proliferation of many cell types primarily of fetal origin at least 100 different family members related to EGF at least 19 family members, 4 distinct receptors Comments two different protein chains form 3 distinct dimer forms; AA, AB and BB EGF TGF- FGF
several related proteins first identified as proto-oncogenes; trkA (trackA), trkB, trkC
IGF-I IGF-II
related to IGF-II and proinsulin, also called Somatomedin C related to IGF-I and proinsulin
Qu es un protooncogn?
Es un gen normal que interviene la proliferacin celular. Se considera que son dominantes, ya que transforman a las clulas aunque sus alelos sean normales.
Qu es un oncogn?
Es
Codifica
una protena anormal (oncoprotena), que se mantiene activa independientemente de las seales reguladoras (no se degrada). convierte a la clula en tumoral por una proliferacin desordenada.
Esto
En
Principales responsables
Genes supresores del cncer
Genes adicionales
Genes de diferenciacin celular
Genes de invasin/metstasis
inmunogenicidad disminudo
ACT
% N Events ACT 1679 261 ACTH 1672 134 75 %
85
67
HR=0.48, 2P=3x10-12
Participating countries
Finland Sweden Canada UK France Spain Mexico Guatemala Costa Rica Panama Italy Greece Poland
Brazil Australia
Acknowledgements
Italy Australia Sweden France Mario Bari Richard Bell Inger Andreasson David Coeffic Andrea Bonetti Jane Beith Lena Malmberg Veronique Dieras Armando Santoro Guy Van Hazel UK Pierre Kerbrat Mexico Ken Pittman John Le Vay Xavier Pivot Cesar Gonzales Michael M Slancar Andreas Makris Veronique Tillet-Lenoir Flavia Morales-Vasquez Timothy Perren Guy Toner Patrice Viens Tirzo Suarez Brazil Christopher Price Finland Panama Maria de Ftima Dias Guai Peter Simmonds Seppo Pryhnen Juan Carlos Alcedo Jos Luiz Pedrini Denis Talbot Greece Poland Artur Malzyner Vassilios Georgoulias Jacek Jassem Canada Spain Stanley Gertler Haralambos Kalofonos Dimosthenis Skarlos Antonio Antn Costa Rica Guatemala Miguel Angel Segui Douglas Otero Luis Miguel Zetina Toache Jos Baselga Serafin Morales
Hayflick hypothesis Limited number of doublings Telomere maintenance Telomerase Not all tumor cells have this potential
Tumor stem cells
Ejemplo de translocacin
Cromosoma de philadelphia
Ph t(9;22)(q34;q11).
Angiognesis
Figure 1 The hypoxic response. a, Under conditions of normal oxygen, the von HippelLindau tumour suppressor protein (pVHL) modifies the protein HIF, which leads to its destruction. b, When oxygen is scarce (hypoxia), or when pVHL is mutated, HIF accumulates inside cells and activates the expression of certain genes. This triggers two complementary responses. First, tissue oxygenation is stimulated through the activation of genes such as VEGF (which stimulates the outgrowth of new blood vessels) and erythropoietin (EPO, which stimulates the production of red blood cells). Second, tumour cells are stimulated to move away from the site of hypoxia through the activation of genes such as c-Met, which enhance cell motility and invasion. Now, Staller et al.3 show that the gene CXCR4 is also activated by HIF. CXCR4 not only stimulates migration, it also enables tumour cells to
No toxicidad irreversible
No efectos sec. corto plazo Administracion conveniente Costo-efectividad
Terapia Blanco
Vasos sanguneos
Terapia antiangiogenica (VEGF)
Terapia Blanco
1.
2.
Sorlie, Therese et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10869-10874
The future
Understanding the genetic pathways of cancer development Treatment will be tailored to individual patients Aim of making it much more effective and less toxic
1950. Descubrimiento de la estructura del DNA. Watson y Crick. 1960. Cdigo gentico, demostrndose cmo la secuencia de bases de DNA 1970. Insercion genes forneos en bacterias y tecnologa para secuenciar de manera eficiente y rpida el DNA. 1975. Produccin de anticuerpos monoclonales. 1977. Primera protena humana obtenida en un microorganismo fue somatostatina 1982. Se comercializa el primer frmaco desarrollado mediante tecnologa de DNA recombinante fue la insulina humana. 1986. Desarrollo de la tcnica de la reaccin en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) . 1990. Introduccin en clnica de medicamentos biotecnolgicos.
Hepatitis C
Esclerosis mltiple
Interleukina-2
Factor VIIr Factor VIIIr TPA
Hormonas Vacunas
Linfos B ( HGPRT+
HIBRIDOMA
Antigen
Blanco
-ci(r)- cardiovascular -co(l)-colonic tumor -me(l)-melanoma
Fuente
-u- humano -o- raton (murino) -a- rata
Sufijo
mab
-ma(r)-mammary tumor
-e- hamster
-i- primate -xi- quimerico -zu- humanizado -mu- humano
-go(t)-testicular tumor
-go(v)-ovarian tumor -pr(o)-prostate tumor -tu(m)-miscellaneous tumor
Ejemplos de nomenclatura
Abciximab: Aps contra agregacion plaquetaria ab- + -ci(r)- + -xi- + -mab Anticuerpo monoclonal quimerico sistema cardiovascular
Trastuzumab: Aps contra Her-2 en cancer de mama tras- + -tu(m)- + -zu- + -mab Anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado contra tumor miscelaneo
Bevacizumab: Aps contra VEGF en cancer de colon Beva- + -ci(r)- + -zu- + -mab Anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado sistema cardiovascular Rituximab: Aps contra CD 20 en linfomas no hodgkin Ri- + -tu(m)- + -zu- + -mab Anticuerpo Monoclonal quimerico contra tumor miscelaneo Panitumumab: APs contra EGFR en Ca. colon Pani- + -tu(m)- + -mu- + -mab Anticuerpo Monoclonal humano contra tumor miscelaneo
Blanco
Tratamient o
Rituximab Panitumumab
Tositumomab Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Mabthera Vectibix
Bexxar Mylotarg
1997 2006
2003 2006
Quimerico Humano
Murino Humanizado
CD 20 EGFR
CD 20 CD 20
Blanco
Tratamient o
Infliximab Muromonab
Omalizumab Efalizumab Palivizumab Eculizumab
Remicade Orthoclone
Xolair Raptiva Synagis Soliris
1998 1986
2004 2002 1998 2007
Quimerico Murino
Humanizado Humanizado Humanizado Humanizado
TNF a Tcel CD 3
IgE CD 11 Epitope VSR Comp C5
Only Arms 1 and 2 analyzed in this interim analysis n = 3,307, median follow-up ~ 1 year
ONCOMEDICA, ISTHMIAN MEDICAL RESEARH. GUATEMALA Investigador Principal. Dr. Luis M. Zetina Toache. El Pilar
ACT
% N Events ACT 1679 261 ACTH 1672 134 75 %
85
67
HR=0.48, 2P=3x10-12
Novel triple combo provides added benefit in advanced breast cancer. CHAT report. Zetina,L. Otero D, Huggis R, et al Meeting report . ESMO. Istambul. European Society of Medical Oncology Inpharma Weekly. (1559):15-16, October 14, 2006.
Abstract:
The addition of capecitabine [Xeloda] to the combination of trastuzumab [Herceptin] and docetaxel [Taxotere] provides women with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer substantial benefits, according to late-breaking data presented at the 31st Congress of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) [Istanbul, Turkey; September-October, 2006]. The novel triple combination therapy significantly increased the median time to progression, compared with trastuzumab plus docetaxel alone; these results provide the first evidence to support the addition of a third chemotherapeutic agent to the most frequently used first-line regimen of trastuzumab and a taxane, and paths the way for further investigations into triple combination therapies.
FDA Approval
BEVACIZUMAB used in combination with intravenous 5-FU based chemotherapy, is indicated for first-line treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum.
PRO
(n=1920)
PRO
XELOX (n=300)
PRO
PRO
Ongoing phase III trial of XELOX Avastin vs FOLFOX4 Avastin (NO16966C): preliminary data
Cassidy J. ESMO 2006 ; Saltz LB ASCOGI 2007
1.0
[ 97.5% CI 0.580.83 ]
0.8
HR = 0.70
p < 0.0001
PFS estimate
0.6
0.4
0.2
8.5
0.0
11.5 10 15 20 25
XELOX / FOLFOX + bevacizumab 289 events XELOX / FOLFOX + placebo 347 events
Cel.tronco
pre-pre cel. B
Diferenciacin cel. B y marcadores de sup. pre-B cell pre-B cel pre-B cel
immad. B cell
TDT CD 19 CD 20 CD 22
madura B cel
activada B cell
plasma cell
CD 21
CD 38
Cel.precursoras leucemias
Linfomas cel. B
mieloma mltiple
Nuevas armas
HSP90 inhibitors
Mdm2 inhibitor
Pro-apoptotic drugs
Kinesins
Death Receptors
HDAC Inhibitors
rituximab
Apoptosis
CHAT study
1st-line therapy for HER2-positive MBC or LABC (majority MBC)
H: 8 mg/kg loading dose 6 mg/kg q3w T: 75 mg/m2 q3w Until PD
X: 950 mg/m2 bid Days 1-14 q3w HER2-positive MBC / LABC (FISH+ and / or IHC 3+)
(n=225) H: 8 mg/kg loading dose 6 mg/kg q3w T: 100 mg/m2 q3w HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; LABC, locally advanced breast cancer; MBC, metastatic breast cancer; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridisation; IHC, immunohistochemistry; R, randomisation; PD, progressive disease; H, trastuzumab; T, docetaxel; X, capecitabine Until PD
Overall survival
Probability 1.0 0.8 0.6
0.4
Events 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Months from randomisation 40 45 50 HTX HT 25 30 HR 95% CI p value 0.82 1.39, 0.48 0.459
Time to progression
Probability 1.0 0.8 0.6 95% CI p value Events HR 55 0.697 0.488, 0.995 0.045 HTX 68 HT
0.4
0.2 0.0 0 5 13.8 10 18.2 15 20 25 30 35 Months from randomisation 40 45 50