Introduction To RF & Wireless: Two Day Seminar

Introduction to RF & Wireless
Two Day Seminar
Module 2
Introduction to RF & Wireless

Two Day Seminar
Module 2
Course Agenda
Day One
Morning (Module 1)
Introduction to RF
Afternoon (Module 2)
RF hardware
Day Two
Morning (Module 3)
Older systems & mobile telephony
Afternoon (Module 4)
Newer systems & the future
Module 2 - RF Hardware
1. Basic Building Blocks
2. Other Components
3. Circuits
2. Other Components
3. Circuits

Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review

Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
Transmitters & Receivers

Recall
Basics Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Transmitter Block Diagram
Receiver Block Diagram

Transmitter/Receiver Preview
Antennas
Amplifiers Filters
Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
Antennas
Basic Building Blocks - Antennas
Antennas
Function
Turn current on a wire into airborne waves Vice versa
Most antennas work in both directions
Antennas
What
Act as impedance matching circuits
From conductor (50 ohms) to free space (377 ohms)
Antenna
Free space 377 ohms
Conductor 50 ohms
Antennas
How
Conductors that are about wavelength long begin to radiate RF energy as waves
Wavelength
Wavelengths
Wavelength (meters) 5,000,000 152,500 566 5 3 0.3 0.1 0.02
Application Electrical wall outlet The human voice AM radio VHF television FM radio Cellular phones PCS phones DirectTV
Antennas
Characteristics
Active: Requires a power supply Passive: Does not require a power supply Directional: Sends RF energy in one direction Omnidirctional: Sends RF energy in all directions Size: Depends on the wavelength Shape: Depends on the direction of the RF energy
Antenna Pattern
What Is It?
An engineering tool that shows a birds-eye view of the RF energy radiating out of an antenna
Antenna Pattern
Omnidirectional
Antenna Pattern
Directional
Beamwidth 20 Azimuth
Gain
Two Kinds
Power gain
Comes from an amplifier Increases the power
Antenna gain
Directional gain No increase in power
Isotropic Antenna
What Is It?
A mythical "point" antenna
Antenna pattern is a sphere Minimum power density
Directional Antenna
Visual Depiction
Higher power density than isotropic
Antenna Gain
Directional Gain
A gain in power density NOT power
Relative to an isotropic antenna
Measured in dBi
Definition
dBi = "dB greater than isotropic"
Antenna Gain
For Example
An directional antenna with 10 dBi of antenna gain produces an RF signal with TEN TIMES the power density compared to an isotropic antenna
Antenna Gain
10 dBi
Output power = 30 dBm
Input power = 30 dBm
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power = 30 dBm + 10 dBi = 40 dBm
Output power 40 dBm Free space loss 120 dB -80 dBm Absorption 10 dB S/N Noise floor 30 dB -120 dBm -90 dBm
Effective isotropic radiated power Free space loss 120 dB
40 dBm
-80 dBm Absorption 10 dB S/N Noise floor 30 dB -120 dBm -90 dBm
Effective isotropic radiated power Free space loss 120 dB
40 dBm
-80 dBm Absorption 10 dB Ant gain -120 dBm
S/N 40 dB Noise floor
Antenna Gain
30 dBm
Antenna 10 dBi
FSL -120 dB
Absorb -10 dB
Antenna 10 dBi
-80 dBm
S/N 40 dB Noise floor -120 dBm
Antenna Gain
Even Omnidirectionals Have Gain
2 - 3 dBi
Antenna Types
Omnidirectional
Dipole: wavelength long Monopole: wavelength long
Directional
Dish Horn Patch Array
Array Antenna
Polarization
What Is It?
The RF (sine) waves which emanate from an antenna have an orientation to them
Horizontal Vertical
Polarization
Horizontal
Vertical
Polarization
So What
Otherwise identical RF signals can be made distinct by having different polarizations
Better use of scarce bandwidth Polarization diversity
Smart Antennas
What Are They?
Directional antennas in which the antenna beam moves
Smart Antennas
What Are They?
Smart Antennas
What Are They?
Smart Antennas
What Are They?
Smart Antennas
How?
Switched beam Electronically scanned
Why?
More users per area Spatial division multiple access

Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas
Amplifiers
Filters Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
Amplifiers
Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers
Amplifiers
Function
Increase the power of RF signals
"Power gain"
Amplifiers
Main Types
Low noise amplifier (LNA)
First one in a receiver
High power amplifier (HPA)

Last one in a transmitter
Other
Many different kinds "Gain blocks"
Amplifiers
HPA LNA
Other
Amplifier Properties
LNA
Gain Linearity Noise figure
HPA
Gain Linearity Output power
Gain
Power Gain (Gp)
Measured in dB
30 dB -90 dBm -60 dBm

Linearity
Transfer Curve
One dB compression point
Linearity
Another Measure
Third order intercept (Ip3) Intercept point
Measured in dB
Output Power
Dictates Amplifier Performance
Suppose Psat = 40 dBm
HPA 30 dB 20 dBm 50 dBm
Output Power
30 dB 20 dBm 50 dBm
Output Power
30 dB 20 dBm 40 dBm
Output Power
30 dB 20 dB 20 dBm 40 dBm
Noise Figure
Definition
How much an amplifier decreases the S/N ratio
Measured in dB
LNA S/N 40 dB NF=3dB S/N 37 dB
A Special Amplifier
Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA)
Gain can be made to vary
15 dB
A Special Amplifier
Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA)
Gain can be made to vary
30 dB

Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers
Filters
Mixers Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
Filters
Basic Building Blocks - Filters
Filters
Function
Eliminate signals at unwanted frequencies
Filters
Block Diagrams
Filters
Frequency Response
Used to describe a filter's behavior A graph of attenuation vs frequency
Filters
Types
Low pass
Only signals below a certain frequency can pass
High pass
Only signals above a certain frequency can pass
Band pass
Only signals between two frequencies can pass
Band reject ("Notch")

Only signals outside two frequencies can pass
Low Pass Filter

Ideal Frequency Response
Stop band
Pass band
Low Pass Filter

Real Frequency Response
Stop band
Pass band
Low Pass Filter

Real Frequency Response
Ideal pass band
Out of band signals
High Pass Filter

Frequency Response
Band Pass Filter

Frequency Response
Band Reject Filter

Frequency Response
Special Filters
Duplexer ("Diplexer")
Two band pass filters in one package
Special Filters
Duplexer Frequency Response
Special Filters
SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave)
Converts RF signals into sound signals Used for low frequency applications
Typically less than 3 GHz
Very small and low cost

Ideal for use in cell phones
Special Filters
Superconducting Filters
Have zero insertion loss in the pass band Have a near-vertical frequency response Require cooling units
Used primarily in cellular base station receivers
Filters
Interesting Things To Know
All devices have a 1 dB compression point even passive ones like filters
A function of input power
IL of a passive device is its noise figure
Basics Building Blocks - Filters

Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters
Mixers
Sources Transmitter/Receiver Review
Mixers
Basics Building Blocks - Mixers
Mixers
Function
To change the frequency of the RF signal
Mixers
How
Mixers have two inputs and one output called ports
Input 1
Output
Input 2
Mixers
How
One RF signal goes into Input 1 One RF signal goes into Input 2 TWO RF signals come out of the Output
Mixers
How
Output signal 1
Frequency = sum of frequencies of input signals
Output signal 2
Frequency = difference of frequencies of input signals
Mixers
Example
One input signal to a mixer has a frequency of 400 MHz while the other has a frequency of 500 MHz. What is the frequency of the two output signals? Frequency (signal 1) = 400 MHz + 500 MHz = 900 MHz
Frequency (signal 2) = 500 MHz - 400 MHz = 100 MHz
Mixers
Example
100 MHz
500 MHz 900 MHz 400 MHz
Mixers
What
Mixers can be used to raise OR lower the frequency of an RF signal
Raise: upconverter and it's in a transmitter Lower: downconverter and it's in a receiver
Only one output signal is used The other is eliminated with a filter
Mixers
Characteristics
Noise figure Insertion loss called conversion loss (CL) One dB compression point Ports have designations
Mixers
Port Designations
RF
IF
LO
Mixers
Port Designations
LO is always one of the inputs
LO: Local Oscillator
RF/IF can be input or output

IF: Intermediate Frequency Upconverter (transmitter): RF is output Downconverter (receiver): RF is input
Mixers
How They're Actually Used
Upconverters/Downconverters
Change the frequency
Phase modulators/demodulators
Impart or detect a phase shift
Mixers
Downconverter
Superheterodyne
From Antenna RF Signal 900 MHz
To Demod
IF Signal 70 MHz
Baseband Signal 64 KHz

Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers
Sources
Transmitter/Receiver Review
Sources
Basics Building Blocks - Sources
Sources
Function
To generate a perfect sine wave at a specified frequency
It is the "source" of the RF It is also called an oscillator It feeds the LO port of a mixer
Sources
How
Many materials produce a sine wave when excited with electrical energy
What
The objective is to produce the most perfect sine wave possible
Sources
Examples
Acronym DRO XO YIG Oscillator Dielectric resonator Crystal Yttrium Iron Garnet
Special Sources
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
The frequency of the sine wave can be made to vary by means of an external control
Sine wave out
Control voltage in
Special Sources
Synthesizer
"Sophisticated" oscillator
Frequency selector
Recap
Antenna Airborne waves to current Amplifer Makes signals bigger
Filter
Elliminates unwanted frequencies
Mixer
Changes a signals frequency
Source
Produces a perfect sine wave

Transmitter/Receiver Preview Antennas Amplifiers Filters Mixers Sources
Transmitter/Receiver Review

64 Kbps

64 KHz

64 KHz

70 MHz
900 MHz

900 MHz

900 MHz

900 MHz

Signals

Signals

Signals

900 MHz

70 MHz
64 KHz
64 KHz
64 KHz

64 Kbps
Basic Building Blocks

The end
2. Other Components
3. Circuits
2. Other Components
Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
Switches
Function
Switch an RF signal's path
Other Components - Switches
Switches
Function
Change an RF signal's path
Switches
Where
Cell phone
Switches
Where
Cell phone
Switch Types
Switch Type Solid state Characterstics Fast Small Inexpensive
Electromechanical
Big Slow Low insertion loss
Insertion Loss vs Isolation

Insertion Loss
Loss in the closed path
Insertion loss 1 dB
Insertion Loss vs Isolation

Isolation
Loss in the open path
Isolation 30 dB
2. Other Components
Switches
Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
Attenuators
Function
To make an RF signal smaller
Heat
Other Components - Attenuators
Attenuators
Block Diagrams
Attenuator Types
Attenuator Type Fixed Characterstics Insertion loss has a single value Insertion loss can take any value over a range Insertion loss can only take certain values over a range
Voltage Variable
Digital
Digital Attenuator
Recall
Saturated Power
30 dB 20 dBm 50 dBm
Attenuators
Where
To prevent saturation
2. Other Components
Switches Attenuators
Dividers/Combiners
Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
Dividers
Function
Break up an RF signal into 2 or more signals
Other Components - Dividers
Dividers
Function
? dBm
1 dB 30 dBm
? dBm
Dividers
Function
26 dBm
1 dB 30 dBm
26 dBm
Combiners
Function
Combine 2 or more RF signals into one
Other Components - Combiners
2. Other Components
Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners
Couplers
Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
Couplers
Coupler Types Directional coupler Also Called Coupler
Bi-directional coupler
Dual directional coupler
Quad coupler
Quadrature coupler Quadrature (Quad) hybrid Hybrid Lange coupler
Directional Couplers
Function
To "sample" an RF signal
Other Components - Couplers
Bi-Directional Couplers
Function
To sample reflected power also
Quad Couplers
Function
Splits a signal into 2 with a phase shift
90
Quad Couplers
Where
Balanced amplifier
2. Other Components
Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers
Circulators/Isolators
Transformers Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
Circulators
Function
Reroutes RF signals
Other Components - Circulators
Circulators
Function
Reroutes RF signals
Circulators
Function
Reroutes RF signals
Circulators
Where
Cell phone
Isolators
Function
To protect something from reflected power
Load
Other Components - Isolators
Isolators
Where
Base station
Load
Other Components - Isolators
2. Other Components
Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators
Transformers
Detectors Phase Shifters/Detectors
Transformers
Function
Impedance matching, coupling, and others
RF in
RF out
Other Components - Transformers
Impedance matching circuit 75 ohms 50 ohms
Other Components - Transformers
2. Other Components
Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers
Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
Detectors
Function
To convert RF power to voltage
RF in
Voltage out
Other Components - Detectors
2. Other Components
Switches Attenuators Dividers/Combiners Couplers Circulators/Isolators Transformers Detectors
Phase Shifters/Detectors
Phase Shifters
Function
To phase shift the output relative to the input
Input signal
Phase shifted output signal
Other Components - Phase Shifters
BPSK
Phase Shifters
Where
In modulators
180
Phase Detectors
Function
To convert a phase difference to a voltage
Where
In demodulators
RF Input 1 RF Input 2
Phase Detector
Voltage Output
Other Components - Phase Detectors
Recap
Switch Change an RF signals path Antennuator Makes signals smaller
Divider/ Combiner Coupler
Splits a signal evenly
Samples a signal
Quad Coupler Splits a signal with phase shift
Recap
Circulator/ Isolator Reroutes a signal Transformer Impedance matching, coupling, etc
Detector
Converts an RF signal to a voltage
Phase Shifter Imparts a phase shift on a signal
Phase Detector
Phase Detector
Converts a phase diff to a voltage
Other Components
The end
3. Circuits
Semiconductors
Circuit Technologies Interconnection
3. Circuits
Semiconductors
Circuit Technologies Interconnection
Semiconductor Materials
Material Silicon (Si) Gallium Aresenide (GaAs) Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Indium Phosphide (InP) Comments Low cost Low frequency Higher cost Higher frequency Low cost High effeciency Highest cost Highest frequency
Circuits - Seminconductors
Semiconductor Building Blocks

Component Diode Usage Switches, Attenuators Mixers, Detectors Amplifers, Switches Oscillators, Mixers Combine multiple components
Transistor
Integrated Circuit
Diodes
Main Structures
PIN
Power
Schottky
Speed
Diodes
Transistors
Main Structures
Bipolar Junction (BJT)
Low frequency High power
Field Effect (FET)

High frequency Low noise
Bipolar Junction Transistors

Materials
Silicon
"Bipolar"
Gallium Arsenide
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT)
Field Effect Transistors

Materials
Silicon
MOSFET LDMOS
Gallium Arsenide
MESFET HEMT PHEMT
Transistors
Integrated Circuits
MMIC
Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit
Si, SiGe or GaAs Transistors + other components
Amplifiers Switches Digital attenuators Mixers
Integrated Circuits
Recap
Materials
Silicon - Low frequency Gallium Arsenide - Higher frequency Silicon Germanium - High efficiency Indium Phosphide - Highest frequency
Building Blocks
Diodes - PIN, Schottky Transistors - BJT, FET Integrated circuits - Combination
3. Circuits
Semiconductors
Circuit Technologies
Interconnection
Circuit Designs
Two Types
Lumped element Distributed
Dictated By
Frequency
Circuits - Circuit Technologies
Circuit Designs
Lumped Element
Uses discrete ("real") passive components
Inductors Capacitors Couplers Transformers
Circuit Designs
Distributed
Uses metal traces as passive components
Inductors Capacitors Couplers Transformers
Circuit Construction
Four Ways
Discrete Hybrid MMIC Cavity
Dictated By
Cost Size Performance
Discrete
Packaged semiconductors Lumped passives Printed circuit board
Hybrid
Packaged or bare chip semiconductors Lumped or distributed passives Ceramic substrate
MMIC
Semiconductors devices Distributed passives On a single piece of semiconductor
Cavity
A hollow container Signals move as waves inside Used for high power
Recap
Circuit Design
Lumped - Low frequency Distributed - High frequency
Discrete - High power, quick design time Hybrid - High frequency, best performance MMIC - Small size, high volume Cavity - Very high power
3. Circuits
Semiconductors
Circuit Technologies
Interconnection
Interconnection
Transmission lines
Interconnection
Transmission Lines
Should be 50 ohms (i.e. good match) Have insertion loss Effect system performance Can be made several different ways
Circuits - Interconnection
Transmission Lines
Can Be Made Using
1) Cables - box to box 2) Waveguides - high power box to box 3) Metal traces - low power, inside a box
Cables
Coaxial Cables
Insulator Inner conductor
Outer shield
Cable Assemblies
Consist Of
Coaxial cable Connectors
Cables
Connectors
Many families
Price Performance Evolution
Many types
Usage dependent
Cables
How To Interconnect Different Families
Adapters
Waveguides
What
Rectangular metal tubing
How
Signals travel as waves
Why
Zero insertion loss
Traces
Where
On printed circuit boards
Traces
Where
In hybrids
Traces
Where
As part of MMICs
Traces
Construction
Stripline Microstrip Coplanar waveguide
Metal
Substrate
Recap
Transmission Lines
Coaxial cables
Waveguide Traces
Circuits
The end
Module 2 -RF Hardware

The end
Dinner

Introduction To RF & Wireless: Two Day Seminar

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Introduction To RF & Wireless: Two Day Seminar

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Introduction to RF & Wireless

Two Day Seminar

Introduction to RF & Wireless

1. Basic Building Blocks

1. Basic Building Blocks

Transmitters & Receivers

Basics Building Blocks Transmitter/Receiver Preview

Transmitter Block Diagram

Receiver Block Diagram

1. Basic Building Blocks

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Free space 377 ohms

Wavelength (meters) 5,000,000 152,500 566 5 3 0.3 0.1 0.02

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Output power = 30 dBm

Input power = 30 dBm

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power = 30 dBm + 10 dBi = 40 dBm

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Effective isotropic radiated power Free space loss 120 dB

Effective isotropic radiated power Free space loss 120 dB

-80 dBm Absorption 10 dB Ant gain -120 dBm

S/N 40 dB Noise floor

S/N 40 dB Noise floor -120 dBm

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

Basic Building Blocks - Antennas

1. Basic Building Blocks

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

High power amplifier (HPA)

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

30 dB -90 dBm -60 dBm

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

Basic Building Blocks - Amplifiers

1. Basic Building Blocks

Basic Building Blocks - Filters

Basic Building Blocks - Filters

Basic Building Blocks - Filters

Band reject ("Notch")

Low Pass Filter

Low Pass Filter

Low Pass Filter