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186654 MW
20000
11 Coal
10
Hydro Gas 56
Nuclear
Diesel New Renewables
21
2788
Bio_mass
Small_hydro
Solar 14105
JAPAN
TAIWAN UK MALAYSIA BRAZIL IRAN CHINA INDIA PAKISTAN SRILANKA
127.82
23.17 62.64 28.86 196.65
7579
6215 5759 2749 1845 1698
7924.22
10141.75 5685.35 3859.49 2034.32 2315.24 2568.33 490.97 413.57 372.62
Electricity by definition is electric current that is used as a power source! This electric current is generated in a power plant, and then sent out over a power grid to your homes, and ultimately to your power outlets.
Electric current generation - whether from fossil fuels, nuclear, renewable fuels, or other sources is usually based on the:
A Simple AC Generator
V N d dt
23.2
of N turns experiences a change in magnetic flux, then the induced voltage V is given by
If a coil of area A rotates with respect to a field B, and if
at a particular time it is at an angle to the field, then the flux linking the coil is BAcos, and the rate of change of flux is given by
d dsin d BA cos cos dt dt dt
Faraday attached two wires to a disc and rotated the disc between the opposing poles of a horseshoe magnet creating an electric current.
Energy/Power
Sources of energy : There are two main sources of energy. They are conventional
solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, ocean energy (tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy), geothermal energy, nuclear energy etc. Some sources of energy are renewable like sun, wind, flowing water, ocean, wood, biomass etc. Some sources of energy are non renewable like coal, petroleum and natural gas.
C/M
Boiler
Turbine
Generator
CHP
ESP
ASP
ASH BUND
WIND MILL
SOLAR CELL
SOLAR PANELS
SOLAR LAMP
TIDAL ENERGY
Boiler Overview
What exactly is the turbine? Turbine is an engine that converts energy of fluid into mechanical energy
changed into kinetic energy in the nozzle) Reaction stage pressure drop both in stationary blades and in rotary blades (enthalpy drop changed into kinetic energy both in stationary blades and in the moving blades in rotor)
Advantages of turbines
Large power achieved by relatively small size
High efficiency Simple design
High revolution
DM Plant
Boiler
Natural Circulation Vs. Once Through System
What is Supercritical Technology? The supercritical technology is the thermodynamic state where there is no clear distinction between the Water and Steam phase in the Rankine Cycle Water reaches to steam state at a critical pressure above 22.1 MPa at 374 oC. 4 Rankine Cycle The efficiency of the thermodynamic process is the heat energy fed into the Rankine cycle is converted into electrical energy. Heat energy input to the Rankine cycle is kept constant, the output can be increased by selecting high pressures and high temperatures. The key components are supercritical once through boiler and high pressure & high temperature steam turbine.
Generator Excitation
EXCITAION
The exciter is the "backbone" of the generator control system. It is the power source that supplies the dc magnetizing current to the field windings of a synchronous generator thereby ultimately inducing ac voltage and current in the generator armature Two basic kinds of excitors Rotating (Brush and brushless) Static exciters (Shunt and series) The amount of excitation required to maintain the output voltage constant is a function of the generator load. As the generator load increases, the amount of excitation increases. Reactive lagging pf loads require more excitation than unity pf loads Leading pf loads require less excitation than unity pf loads
Voltage transformers provide signals proportional to line voltage to the avr where it is compared to a stable reference voltage. The difference (error) signal is used to control the output of the exciter field. For example, if load on the generator increases, the reduction in output voltage produces an error signal which increases the exciter field current resulting in a corresponding increase in rotor current and thus generator output voltage. Due to the high inductance of the generator field windings, it is difficult to make rapid changes in field current. This introduces a considerable "lag" in the control system which makes it necessary to include a stabilizing control to prevent instability and optimize the generator voltage response to load changes. Without stabilizing control, the regulator would keep increasing and reducing excitation and the line voltage would continually fluctuate above and below the required value. Modern voltage regulators are designed to maintain the generator line voltage within better than +/1% of nominal for wide variations of machine load.
Excitaion System
Brushless Exciter
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION
need for brushes, commutator & slip-ring. It uses bridge rectifier circuit consists of SCR & diode. The bridge rectifier circuit placed on the rotor. The bridge rectifier circuit rotates with the speed of the rotor. The A.C supply given to the bridge rectifier by the principle of Electromagnetic Induction. Bridge rectifier being represented by a transformation from A.C voltage to D.C voltage. The D.C output of the rotating rectifier is applied to the D.C rotating field of the motor
BREAKERS
Breaking current capacity of interrupter Mechanical operating life No operation before maintenance
5-10 years
Labour cost High, Material cost Labour cost Low, Low Material cost High High High High Very high
Relay Purpose
Isolate controlling circuit from controlled circuit. Control high voltage system with low voltage. Control high current system with low current. Logic Functions
Relay Types
Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a particular voltage
signal, plus a set of one or more contacts that rely on an armature (or lever) activated by the energized coil to open or close an electrical circuit.
the circuit. The output device is optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with low-voltage DC power.
Microprocessor Based Relays Use microprocessor for switching mechanism. Commonly used in power system monitoring and protection.
Sold-State Relay
are More flexible. Self checking facility. Less power consumption and low burden. Improved dynamic perfomance characteristics. High seismic withstand capacity. Reduced panel space.
Numeric Relays
Numerical Relays
Operation of a numerical relay involves analog to
digital conversion of voltage and currents obtained from VT and CTs. These samples are fed to the microprocessor or DSP where the protection algorithms process these signals and necessary decisions are taken.
Advantage
Its advantages are
Maximum flexibility. Provides multiple functionality.
system. Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree of faults. Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation due to various reasons: system aging, lighting, etc.
Electrical Faults
majority are phase-to-ground faults
phase-to-phase phase-phase-phase
double-phase-to-ground
Minimize risk of fire, danger to personal and other high voltage systems.
Circuit Breakers
Activation
Fuses
Actuation
Acquisition Detection
Advantages/Disadvantages
Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs) Simplicity Not expensive Mechanical Wear Solid-state Relays (SSRs) No Mechanical movements Faster than EMR No sparking between contacts Microprocessor-based Relay Much higher precision and more reliable and durable. Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power systems before, during and after faults occur. Capable of both digital and analog I/O. Higher cost
INTRODUCTION TO PLCS
Advantages of PLCs
Less wiring. Wiring between devices and relay contacts are done in the PLC program. Easier and faster to make changes. Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime. Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.
65
PLC Size
1. SMALL - it covers units with up to 128 I/Os and memories up to 2 Kbytes. - these PLCs are capable of providing simple to advance levels or machine controls. - have up to 2048 I/Os and memories up to 32 Kbytes. - the most sophisticated units of the PLC family. They have up to 8192 I/Os and memories up to 750 Kbytes. - can control individual production processes or entire plant.
2. MEDIUM 3. LARGE
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From SENSORS
Pushbuttons, contacts, limit switches, etc.
I M N O P D U U T L E
PROCESSOR
O U T P U T
M O D U L E
To OUTPUT
Solenoids, contactors, alarms etc.
PROGRAMMING DEVICE
67
Local Computer
Local Display
Local Computer
Local Display
PROCESS
DCS Elements-1
Local Control Unit: This unit can handle 8 to 16 individual PID loops. Data Acquisition Unit: Digital (discrete) and analog I/O can be handle. Batch Sequencing Unit: This unit controls a timing counters, arbitrary function generators, and internal logic. Local Display: This device provides analog display stations, and video display for readout. Bulk Memory Unit: This unit is used to store and recall process data.
DCS Elements-2
General Purpose Computer : This unit is programmed by
a customer or third party to perform optimization, advance control, expert system, etc Central Operator Display: This unit typically contain several consoles for operator communication with the system, and multiple video color graphics display units Data Highway : A serial digital data transmission link connecting all other components in the system. It allow for redundant data highway to reduce the risk of data loss Local area Network (LAN)
DDC
DCS
Advantages of DCS
Access a large amount of current information from the data highway. Monitoring trends of past process conditions.
A sight full engineer can use the flexibility of the framework to implement his latest controller design ideas on the host computer.
DCS Vendors
Honeywell
Fisher-Rosemont Baily
Foxboro
Yokogawa Siemen
Cooling Towers
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to
transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
With respect to drawing air through the tower, there are three types of cooling towers: Natural draft Utilizes buoyancy via a tall chimney. Warm, moist air naturally rises due to the density differential compared to the dry, cooler outside air. Warm moist air is less dense than drier air at the same pressure. This moist air buoyancy produces an upwards current of air through the tower. Mechanical draft Uses power-driven fan motors to force or draw air through the tower.
Induced draft A mechanical draft tower with a fan at the discharge (at the top) which pulls air up through the tower. The fan induces hot moist air out the discharge. This produces low entering and high exiting air velocities, reducing the possibility of recirculation in which discharged air flows back into the air intake. This fan/fin arrangement is also known as draw-through. (see Image 3) Forced draft A mechanical draft tower with a blower type fan at the intake. The fan forces air into the tower, creating high entering and low exiting air velocities. The low exiting velocity is much more susceptible to recirculation. With the fan on the air intake, the fan is more susceptible to complications due to freezing conditions. Another disadvantage is that a forced draft design typically requires more motor horsepower than an equivalent induced draft design. The benefit of the forced draft design is its ability to work with high static pressure. Such setups can be installed in more-confined spaces and even in some indoor situations. This fan/fill geometry is also known as blow-through. (see Image 4)
Fan assisted natural draft A hybrid type that appears like a natural draft setup, though airflow is assisted by a fan.
Chimney
Transfer bus
Line-I
Message
Why do we want cheap and abundant Electricity in India ?
The answer is that without cheap and abundant electricity
no effort for the Industrialization of India can succeed. Ask Another question Why is industrialization necessary? We want industrialization in India as the surest means to rescue the people from eternal cycle of poverty in which they are caught Dr.B.R.Ambedkar. ( Dr.Ambedkar , Labour Memebers address to the first meeting of Reconstruction Policy
Committee on Public Work and electric Power , New Delhi , Oct 25 1943)