CHAPTER 2

ATOMS, MOLECULES AND IONS

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CONTENTS

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

The Modern View of Atomic Structure The Periodic Table Molecules and Molecular Compounds Ions and Ionic Compounds Naming of Compounds

Learning Outcomes
Able to differentiate between ions, molecules, ionic and molecular compound. Able to name compounds and write their formulas

2.1 The Modern View of Atomic Structure

The Discovery of Atomic Structure By 1850, scientists had begun to accumulate data indicating that atom is composed of smaller particles called subatomic particles. Some of the most important experiments that led to the current model of atomic structure are: Cathode Rays and Electrons Radioactivity Nuclear Atom
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The Modern View of Atomic Structure

Masses of neutron, proton and electron are so small, that we define as the atomic mass unit, amu. 1 amu = 1.66054 10-24 g 1 g = 6.02214 1023 amu
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Cont: 2.1 The Modern View of Atomic Structure

Atoms are extremely small, diameters between 1 10-10 m and 5 10-10 m or 100-500 pm. Define 1 = 1 10-10 m Note : 1 = 10-10 m = 100 pm = 0.1 nm The diameter of atomic nuclei are in the order of 10-4 .
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Cont: 2.2 The Periodic Table

Rows are called periods. Metals are on the left side and middle. Non metals are on the right side. Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals. (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb and Te) Elements in vertical columns (groups) exhibit similar chemical and physical properties, whereas elements in a horizontal row (period) exhibit different properties.
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Cont: 2.2 The Periodic Table

Names of some groups in the Periodic Table:
Group Name 1A 2A 6A 7A 8A Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Chalcogens Elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra O, S, Se, Te, Po

Halogens F, Cl, Br, I, At Noble gases (or rare gases) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
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Cont: 2.1.1 Isotopes, Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers

Some of the isotopes of Carbon:
Symbol No.of Protons No. of Electrons No. of Neutrons
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C 12 C 13 C 14 C

6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6

5 6 7 8

An atom of a specific isotope is called a nuclide. E.g: 21H nuclide (deuterium), 31H nuclide (tritium)
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Molecules and Molecular Compounds

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
Molecular H2, molecular O2 and molecular N2 are not compounds because each is composed of a single element. Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are compounds because each is made from more than one element. What is the difference between alloy and solution?
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2.3.3 Molecular Formula

Chemical formulas that give the actual numbers and types of atoms in a molecules are called molecular formulas. Subscripts in a molecular formula tell you how many atoms are actually present. E.g. C2H4 : 2 atoms of carbon, 4 atoms of hydrogen.

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2.3.4 Empirical Formula

Chemical formulas that give only the relative number of atoms of each type in a molecule. Example: Molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2, its empirical formula is HO. They give the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule. Example: C2H4 is a molecular formula; its empirical formula, CH2, is obtained by dividing the subscripts in the molecular formula by 2. C2/2H4/2 = CH2
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2.3.5 Picturing Molecules

Molecules occupy three dimensional space. We often represent them in 2-D.
Structural formula shows how atoms are joined together that is the relative orientation and position of bonded atoms. Structural formula does not show the actual geometry of the molecule

Various models are used to visualize the 3-D shape of the molecule:perspective drawing, ball and stick model or space-filling model.
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Cont: 2.3.5 Picturing Molecules

Perspective drawing: dashed line, wedges line Ball-and-stick: atoms as spheres and the bonds as sticks. Space-filling models: shows the relative sizes of atoms.
H H C H H

H C H H H

Space-filling Structural Perspective model

formula drawing

Ball-and-stick drawing
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2.4 Ions and Ionic Compounds

If electrons are removed or added to a neutral atom,

a charged particle called an ion is formed. - Ion with positive charge is called cation. - Ion with negative charge is called anion.

Ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds ( positively charged portion consists of metal cation and the negatively charged portion is an anion or polyatomic ion
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Cont: 2.4 Ions and Ionic Compounds

E.g. Na atom [11p+ 11e-] Na+ ion -e [11p+ 10e-] Cl- ion [17p+ 18e-]

Cl atom [17p+ 17e-] +e

In general, metal atoms tend to lose electrons and nonmetal atoms gain electrons. When molecules lose or gain electrons, polyatomic 2- (e.g. SO 2- , NO -). ions are formed 4 3 3 20
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2.4.1 Predicting Ionic Charges

An atom or molecules can loose more than one electron. Many atoms gain or lose enough electrons to have the same number of electron as the nearest noble gas. Member of the noble gas are chemically very non reactive (stable).

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Cont: 2.4.1 Predicting Ionic Charges

Example: Loss of one electron from an atom of sodium leaves it with the same number of electrons as the neon atom. (i) Na+ ion [11p+ 10e-] similar to neon 10Ne (ii) 8O + 2e- O2- [8p+ 10e-] similar to 10Ne

The number of electrons an atom loses is related to its position on the periodic table.
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2.4.2 Ionic Compounds

Majority of chemistry involves the transfer of electrons between species. Example: To form NaCl, the neutral sodium atom, Na, must loose an electron to become a cation: Na+. Electron cannot be lost entirely so it is transferred to a chlorine atom, Cl-, which then become an anion: Cl-. Na+ and Cl- ions are attracted to form an ionic NaCl lattice which crystallizes. 24

2.4.3 Ionic Compounds Vs Molecular Compounds

Ionic compounds are generally combinations of metal ions (positively charged) and non-metal ions (negatively charged).
We cannot use molecular formulas to describe ionic compounds, therefore we write empirical formula.
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Cont: 2.4.3 Ionic Compounds Vs Molecular Compounds

Molecular compounds are nonmetals only. E.g. N2 O - Molecular compound Na2O - Ionic compound CaCl2 - Ionic compound SF4 - Molecular compound P4 O 6 - Molecular compound
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2.5 Naming of Compounds

2.5.1 Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Naming of compounds, nomenclature is divided into organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds - those containing carbon in combination with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Other compounds are called inorganic compounds.
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Naming of ionic Compounds Cations Anions

metal

Monoatomic anions Polyatomic anions containing O - ate, - ite Per.-ate, -ate, -ite, hypo.-ite Prefix hydrogen or 28 dihydrogen

One oxidation state More than one oxidation state Polyatomic non-metals

2.5.2 Names and Formulas for Cations

1. Cations formed from a metal have the same

name as the metal.

Na+ is a sodium ion Zn2+ is a zinc ion K+ is a potassium ion

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Cont: 2.5.2 Names and Formulas for Cations

2. If the metal can form more than one cation, then the charge is indicated in parentheses after the name of the metal. Cu+ = Copper (I) ; Cu2+ = Copper (II) Fe2+ = Iron (II) ; Fe3+ = Iron (III)
Note: Older method (still widely used)

Cu+ cuprous ion ; Cu2+ cupric ion Fe2+ ferrous ion ; Fe3+ ferric ion

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Cont: 2.5.2 Names and Formulas for Cations

3. Cations formed from non-metal atoms (polyatomic) have names that end in - ium Polyatomic - Atoms that are joined together, as in a molecule, but carry a net charge. NH 4+ ammonium ion H3O+ hydronium ion
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2.5.3 Names and Formulas for Anions

1. Monatomic anions (with only one atom) are called ide. H hydride ion O2 oxide ion N3 nitride ion Exceptions: Simple polyatomic anions ; hydroxide, cyanide and peroxide ions.
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Cont: 2.5.3 Names and Formulas for Anions

2. Polyatomic (many-atom) anions containing oxygen, having names ending in - ate or - ite. These anions are called oxyanions. The one with more oxygen is called - ate.
NO3 nitrate ; NO2 nitrite SO42 sulfate ; SO32 sulfite
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Cont: 2.5.3 Names and Formulas for Anions

3. Polyatomic anions containing oxygen with more than two
members in the series are named as follows (in order of decreasing oxygen): per-ate; -ate ; -ite ; hypo-.-ite E.g. ClO4 perchlorate (one more O than chlorate) ClO3 chlorate ion ClO2 chlorite ion (one less O than chlorate) ClO hypochlorite (one less O than chlorite)
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Cont: 2.5.3 Names and Formulas for Anions

4. Polyatomic anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion are named by adding as a prefix the word hydrogen or dihydrogen, as appropriate.

CO32 carbonate ion HCO3 hydrogen carbonate or (bicarbonate) ion PO43 phosphate ion H2PO4 dihydrogen phosphate ion
Note: Each H+ reduces the negative charge.
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Cont: 2.5.3 Names and Formulas for Anions

Note: The monoatomic ions of group 7A always have a 1 charge: E.g: F (Fluoride), Cl (Chloride), Br (Bromide)

The monoatomic ions of group 6A always have a 2 charge: E.g: O2(oxide) and S2 (sulfide)
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2.5.4 Ionic Compounds

Names of ionic compounds - the cation name

followed by the anion name: BaBr2 : barium bromide Cu(ClO4)2 : copper (II) perchlorate K2SO4 : potassium sulfate FeCl3 : Charge of Fe is 3+, anion is Cl: Iron (III) chloride
Note: Parentheses followed by the appropriate subscript are used when a compound contains two ore more polyatomic anions.

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2.5.5 Names and Formula of Acids

An acid is composed of anion connected to enough

H+ ions to totally neutralize or balance the anions charge. E.g. SO42- ion requires two H+ ions to form H2SO4. The names of acids are related to the names of anions, whose names end in -ide, -ate, -ite: -ide becomes hydro.- ic acid -ite.becomes -ous acid -ate becomes .-ic acid
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2.5.6 Names and Formula of Binary Molecular Compounds

Binary molecular compounds have two elements. The most metallic element is usually written first. The prefix mono may be omitted for the first element. E.g. PCl3 is named phosphorous trichloride Greek Prefixes are used.
Mono- = 1, Di= 2, Tri = 3, Tetra- = 4, Penta- = 5, HexaHeptaOctaNonaDeca=6 =7 =8 =9 =10

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Cont: 2.5.6 Names and Formula of Binary Molecular Compounds

N2O4 NF3 P4S10 SO2 SO3 NO2

dinitrogen tetroxide nitrogen trifluoride tetraphosphorus decasulfide sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide nitrogen dioxide
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Cont: 2.5.6 Names and Formula of Binary Molecular Compounds

Exceptions to the use of Greek prefixes for molecular compounds containing hydrogen.

B2 H 4 diborane H2S hydrogen sulfide CH4 methane SiH4 silane NH3 ammonia
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2.5.7 Hydrates
Hydrates - compounds that have a specific number of

water molecules attached to them. E.g. CuSO4.5H2O - Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate The water molecules can be removed by heating.

When this occurs, the resulting compound is CuSO4 called anhydrous copper (II) sulfate.
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Exercise 2.1
Name the following compounds:

(a) CaSO4 (b) PF5 (c) KBr (d) KHSO4 (e) Na2S (f) H2SO4 (g) CO (h) HClO4 (i) NaClO3

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Exercise 2.2
Give the systematic names for the formulas or the formulas for the names of the following compounds: a) Tin (II) fluoride b) CrI3 c) Ferric oxide d) MnS e) Lead (IV) oxide f) FeBr2
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Exercise 2.3
Explain what is wrong with the name or formula in the second part of each statement and correct it: a) SF4 is monosulfur pentafluoride b) Dichlorine heptaoxide is Cl2O6

c) N2O3 is dinitrogen trioxide

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END of CHAPTER 2

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