Seismic Analysis Concepts

Prof. Sarosh H Lodi

Seismic Analysis Concepts

How to estimate internal forces due to seismic excitation

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Acceleration vs Time, File ELCENTRO
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F=ma or
Translation Acceleration (INCHES/SECONDS^2)

F=

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Earthquake Protective Design Philosophical Issues

High probability

of Failure Failure redefined to permit behavior (yielding) that would be considered failure under other loads. High Uncertainty Importance of Details

In dealing with earthquakes we must contend with appreciable probabilities that failure will occur in the near future. Otherwise, all the wealth of the world would prove insufficient We must also face uncertainty on a large scale In a way, earthquake engineering is a cartoon Earthquakes systematically bring out the mistakes made in design and construction, even the minutest mistakes. Newmark & Rosenblueth
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Elastic vs Inelastic Response

The red line shows the force and displacement that would be reached if the structure responded elastically. The green line shows the actual force vs. displacement response of the structure The pink line indicates the minimum strength required to hold everything together during inelastic behavior The blue line is the force level that we design for. We rely on the ductility of the system to prevent collapse.
From 1997 NEHRP Provisions
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Dynamic Concept
Time History Analysis

. .. .. mu(t) + cu(t) + ku(t) = -mug(t)

Translation Acceleration (INCHES/SECONDS^2)

Mathematical Model

Two storied building

Acceleration vs Time, File ELCENTRO

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Response Spectrum Concept

Dynamic Concept

Acceleration vs Time, File ELCENTRO

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Translation Acceleration (IN/SEC^2)

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Equivalent Force Method

Base Shear Determination

Base Shear, V = CsW

where:
Cs = seismic response coefficient W = the effective seismic weight, including applicable portions of other storage and snow loads
Total ELASTIC earthquake force (in each direction): VEQ can be calculated
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Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs

Equivalent Force Method

Cs = SDS /(R/I)
Cs need not exceed SD1/(T(R/I)) for T < TL SD1TL/(T2(R/I)) for T > TL Cs shall not be taken less than Max[0.044SDSI, 0.01] for S1 < 0.6g 0.5S1/(R/I) for S1 > 0.6g
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Response Modification Coefficient, R

Equivalent Force Method

The response modification factor, R, accounts for the dynamic

characteristics, lateral force resistance, and energy dissipation capacity of the structural system. Can be different for different directions.

Equivalent Force Method

Fundamental Period, T

May be computed by analytical means

May be computed by approximate means, Ta

Where analysis is used to compute T:

T < Cu Ta
May also use Ta in place of actual T

ASCE 7-05 Seismic Provisions - A Beginner's Guide to ASCE 7-05

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Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta

Equivalent Force Method

An approximate means may be used.

Ta = CThnx Where: CT = Building period coefficient. hn = height above the base to the highest level of the building for moment frames not exceeding 12 stories and having a minimum story height of 10 ft, Ta may be taken as 0.1N, where N = number of stories. For masonry or concrete shear wall buildings use eq 12.8-9 Ta may be different in each direction.
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Equivalent Force Method

Building Period Coefficient, CT

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Equivalent Force Method

Base Shear Summary

V = CsW
From Design Spectrum
W = Building Seismic Weight

Max[0.044SDSI,0.01] or 0.5S1/(R/I) < SDS/(R/I) < SD1/(T(R/I)) or TLSD1/(T2(R/I))

From map R from Table 12.2-1 based on the Basic Seismic-ForceResisting System I from Table 11.5-1 based on Occupancy Category

Numerical Analysis or Ta = CThnx or Ta = 0.1N CT = 0.028, 0.016, 0.030, or 0.020 hn = building height N = number of storys13

Equivalent Force Method

Vertical Distribution of Base Shear

For short period buildings the vertical

distribution follows generally follows the first mode of vibration in which the force increases linearly with height for evenly distributed mass. For long period buildings the force is shifted upwards to account for the whipping action associated with increased flexibility

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Equivalent Force Method

Story Force, Fx Fx = CvxV
Where Cvx = Vertical Distribution Factor
Cvx W x hx n W i hi i= 1
k k

Wx = Weight at level x hx = elevation of level x above the base k = exponent related to structure period When T < 0.5 s, k =1, When T > 2.5 s, k =2, Linearly interpolate when 0.5 < T < 2.5 s
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Equivalent Force Method

Story Shear, Vx
Story shear, Vx, is the shear force at a given story

level Vx is the sum of all the forces above that level.

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Equivalent Force Method

Horizontal Distribution

Being an inertial force, the Story Force, Fx, is

distributed in accordance with the distribution of the mass at each level. The Story Shear, Vx, is distributed to the vertical lateral force resisting elements based on the relative lateral stiffnesses of the vertical resisting elements and the diaphragm.
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Performance Levels

Hazard Levels
Occasional

Incipient Collapse Life Safety Immediate

50% in 50 years 10% in 50 years 5% in 50 years 2% in 50 years

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Rare

Reoccupancy Fully Operational

Very Rare

Max Considered

Design Objective Defined

A specific performance level given a specific

earthquake hazard level

Stated basis of current codes:

Life safety (+some damage control) at 10% in 50 year event (nominally)

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Development of Performance-based Seismic Design Standards and Criteria

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Advantages of Performance-Based Approach

Specifically Addresses: Unique Building Features Client Needs Building Use Considerations Proposed Alternatives Assessment of Code Requirements Increased Engineering Rigor / Peer Review Comprehensive Systems Overview Integration of Systems Cost Effectiveness Improved Knowledge of Loss Potential

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Disadvantages of Performance-Based Approach

Reluctance to Approve PB Approach Unfamiliar with Methodology Lack of Knowledge of Science Creates Tendency to Disagree with or be Skeptical of:

Approach, Objectives, Certainty

Perception that Anything Less than Code is not Safe

Qualifications of Designer / Reviewer More Design/Engineering Time Occupancy Changes May Require Re-analysis
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Code Procedures
Require buildings have complete structural systems Require systems have sufficient strength to resist specified forces Limit permissible drifts under specified forces Require members and connections be detailed prescriptively

2003

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Building Codes Imply Performance

Ability to resist frequent, minor earthquakes without damage
Ability to resist infrequent, moderate earthquakes with limited structural and nonstructural damage

100 yrs

500 yrs

2003

Ability to resist worst earthquakes ever likely to occur without collapse or major life safety endangerment

2,500 yrs

Performance is not guaranteed

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Building Codes & Performance Warranties

If a building is affected by an extreme event and performs poorly: There is an expectation of how the building should have performed but no implied warranty The only warranty is that the engineer complied with the standard of care For most buildings, demonstration that a design was performed in accordance with the building code will provide adequate proof of conformance to the standard of care
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First Generation Standards are Available

ASCE/SEI has standardized FEMA guideline documents on:: Seismic Evaluation
Predict types of damage a building would experience in future events (based on FEMA178)

Seismic Evaluation of Buildings

ASCE-31

Rehabilitation
Procedures to design building upgrades to achieve desired performance (based on FEMA 356)

Though not directly recognized by the building codes, these standards are being used as the basis for Performance-based design of new buildings and seismic retrofit

Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings

ASCE-41
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Selecting Performance Present Generation

Bata
BBQ! Food!

Joes Bata
Beer! BBQ! Food! Beer! BBQ! Food!

Operational

Immediate Occupancy

Life Safety

Collapse Prevention

Operational negligible impact on building Immediate Occupancy building is safe to occupy but possibly not useful until cleanup and repair has occurred Life Safe building is safe during event but possibly not afterward Collapse Prevention building is on verge of 27 collapse, probable total loss

Code-equivalent Performance

Joes Bata
Beer! BBQ! Food!

Frequent event (varying between 50- and 100year return periods)

Immediate Occupancy

DBE
Beer! BBQ! Food!

MCE

Life Safety

Collapse Prevention

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Risk Assessment and Performance Based Design

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Thank you

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