Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Contents
Productivity Social and Economic Background International Setting Characteristics of Modern Management Challenges and Opportunities in Manufacturing
Introduction
Continuing inflation Inadequate productivity The Managers Intense foreign competition Fluctuating energy costs High taxes Government regulations Capital shortage
Worker dissatisfaction
Introduction
Focus on productivity over the years has made countries like Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain, Canada, Korea, China and India compete with the might of USA which has only 5% of Worlds population but produces 25% of Worlds industrial output.
Productivity
What is productivity? Production is the output of productive forces, whereas productivity is a measure of output resulting from a given input. Productivity = (Output) / (Input). Productivity may be designated in many ways such as output per workers, direct labor or group of workers, or unit of material or unit of energy or Rupee of capital investment etc.
Productivity
Higher productivity results if more output can be obtained from same input or same output can be derived from less input or more increase in output with correspondingly lesser increase in input.
Effectiveness of management The machines used Employee innovation Worker skill Motivation and effort
Productivity
Productivity
Why is high productivity important? Productivity is the backbone of economic progress of any nation. Higher productivity results in reduction of costs as well as increased sales potential, more responsive customer service, increased cash flow and profits. Higher productivity leads to higher standard of living. Greater success in existing business can lead to expansion of operations and increase in number of jobs.
Productivity
If wage increases without accompanying productivity increase, then it will lead to increased product cost and contribute to inflation. Significant productivity increases in long run cannot be achieved solely by increased worker effort. Real growth can happen through capital investment in newer and better machines equipment and facilities. In addition, attention to improved worker motivation and incentives such as profit sharing increases productivity.
Measurement of Productivity
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of labor Productivity = output (units, parts, etc..)/labor hours If an operator can produce 20 items in an hour then productivity is 20/1 = 20. If the operator can produce 25 items in an hour then it is 25/1 = 25. If the operator can produce 20 items in half an hour then productivity is 20/0.5 = 40. For example output could be plant sales in Rupees and input in Rupees could be sum of labor costs, material cost, power cost, capital cost and miscellaneous cost.
Measurement of Productivity
Productivity in Percentage Generally it is common to compare current productivity figures with those of a past base period and the change is reported as a percentage (like increase of 10%). Index Number Alternatively, productivity may be expressed on the basis of index numbers which are commonly based on adding or subtracting the percent change from 100. Index numbers are popular as they can be used along with other index numbers like price index, inflation index etc. and facilitates calculation of percentages as well as useful in drawing trend charts. Also they can be used to compare with productivity index published by Government agencies from time to time for various sectors which include manufacturing.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Measurement of Productivity
Is Productivity Measurement Easy? Productivity measurement is not easy but difficult and hence many organizations may not have meaningful or accurate measurements. If a company produces same product year after year, then it becomes easy to measure productivity. Over a time period, product modifications, use of new raw materials, different quality standards, different manufacturing methods, different equipment, changed operator skills etc may happen. For effective productivity measurement, one must develop an index number then can take into account the contribution of each factor of production and then track them. Productivity measurement gives management a measure of operating efficiency and a means of evaluating progress.
Trend for using simulation and mathematical models to aid in decision making.
Recap
What is productivity. Importance of Productivity, how it is represented. Purpose of Productivity measurement Approaches to Productivity improvement Functions of Manager Characteristics of Modern Management Changes in Management thought. Challenges and Opportunities in Manufacturing.