Last lab

1.) Turn in abstract, pre-lab

2.) Evaluations
3.) Review Tilansia experiment
4.) Lecture – Island Biogeography review
5.) Pond water biodiversity lab
-- in-class worksheet due at end of lab
 Island Biogeographic Theory

• Goal: to predict the

number of species on a
given island
Robert MacArthur

• Equilibrium Theory:
number of species is a
balance between
– 1.
– 2.
E.O. Wilson
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 Island Biogeographic Theory

• Goal: to predict the number

of species on a given island

• Equilibrium Theory: number Robert MacArthur

of species is a balance
between
– 1. Area effect
– 2. Distance effect

– 2.
E.O. Wilson
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 Equilibrium Theory
et a R noit ar gi mmI

et a R noit c nit x E
Number of species present

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 Equilibrium Theory

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 Area Effect
• Increase area = increase species number
– Decrease extinction rate

Small Island

Large island
(large jar)
a R noit ar gi mmI

t a R noit c nit x E
Large Island

Small island
(small jar)
Number of species present
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 Area Effect
• Increase area = increase species number
– Decrease extinction rate

Small Island

Large Island

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 Distance Effect
• Increase area = increase species number
– Decrease extinction rate

Small Island

Far island
(Not
reinnoculated)
Large Island
noit ar gi mmI

R noit c nit x E Near island

(Reinnoculated)

10/04/09 Number of species present

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 Distance Effect
• Increase distance = decrease species number
– Reduce immigration rate

Near Island

Far Island

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 Figure 53.21 The hypothesis of island biogeography

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 Importance of the Equilibrium Theory
• Conservation biology:
– Habitat fragments are ‘islands’ in a ‘sea’ of
inhospitable territory
– Can make predictions about species
numbers, immigration rates, and extinction
rates in habitat fragments
• Ecology:
– Basis of population models
– Similar to dynamics of pathogens in terms of
infection and eradication
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EXTINCTION VORTEX
 In practice

Habitat islands
1. Minimum critical size
2. Minimum size needed to preserve most
species
3. SLOSS - single large or several small
(Fragmentation and conservation)
4. Forest or wildlife corridors
-- Tewksbury and Levey study at Savannah
River

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 How to measure species diversity?

• Biodiversity measured by two values:

1. Species richness
• the number of species
2. Species evenness
• abundance
• the relative numbers of individuals of each
species

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 Species Diversity

• Biodiversity measured by two values:

1. Species richness
• the number of species
2. Species evenness
• abundance
• the relative numbers of individuals of each
species

• For this lab, we will concern ourselves only

with Species Richness

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 Today’s Lab

• Test predictions of island biography with

pond water microcosms
• 4 types of microcosms:
• Large jar • Large, reinfused jar
• Small jar • Small, reinfused jar

• Compare the number of species in each jar type

• Use island biography to predict which jars should

have more species

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 Pond water critters

Bristle worm

Amoeba

Volvox
Paramecium

Rotifer

Ecinoderm
Copepod larvae
 Hay Infusion Microcosms
A. Photocopied pictures and posters of organisms available
B. First sample by the "naked eye" - can see many plants and animals - snails,
odonate larvae, large Daphnia, duckweed, etc.
C. Don't need to know the names- just recognize as distinct
D. Lots of blue-greens - do move - but don't count
E. Some green algae - can count if you want
F. Can use 40X to I.D.
G. Survey slides up and down, not back and forth
H. Reuse slides then throw away, throw away cover slips
I. Ignore bacteria- they can see easily on 40X.
J. Continue examining samples until you are confident you have found most/all
of the species present. – AT LEAST 10 slides!

10 x, then 40x
Bacteria
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 Species effort curves

N o . O F S P E C IE S

e s tim a te d to ta l n u m b e r o f s p e c ie s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
S A M P L E N U M B E R

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 Analyses – class data

GROUP Large Large Small Small

1.NUMBER
Mann-Whitney
Jar U (pp. 153-154Jarin
Reinfused manual)
Reinfused
a.1 Large vs. large reinoculated
2
b. Small vs. small reinoculated
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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 Videos
and online
resources

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zLJvumsUo8
ID guide
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/index.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/pond/index.html
 Mann-Whitney Procedure
i. Rank all of the observations from both samples together
consecutively from the lowest to the highest.
ii. In case of ties, the tied observations are ranked
consecutively, the ranks are added together, and this sum
is divided by the number of tied observations. Each tied
observation is then ranked this calculated value.
iii. The ranks of sample 1 are then summed to obtain Rl and
the ranks of sample 2 are summed to obtain R2.

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 Use the following equations to
calculate U and U':

U = n1n2 + n2(n2 + 1)
- R2
2

U' = n1n2 - U
where n1 is the number of observations in
sample 1, and n2 is the sample size in
sample 2.

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 v. Look up the lesser of the U or U' values in the table
(Appendix D, Table D-3) under the appropriate α, n1,
and n2.
If the calculated U or U' is less than the critical value
given in Table D-3, the HO can be rejected and the HA
can be accepted.
If both U and U' are greater than the critical value given
in Table D-3, the HO must be accepted.
Does not matter which sample is designated R1 or R2 ,
as U and U’ are interrelated.

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