Presented By Malik Sameeullah M.

Tech (RES)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA

Contents

Solar PV Sector Type of Solar PV system Need of Charge Controller and MPPT Solar PV Cell: Basic model Type of Battery: features and characteristics Basic Charge controller model Buck Boost Converter MPPT model MPPT Based Optimum Controller Design Conclusion Research Work and Future Work References
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Solar Power Sector

India lies in a sunny tropical belt (High

insolation) Total approximate potential annually over 5000 trillion kWh Over 70% of Indias households experience significant power cuts every year National Solar Mission and other Generation Based Incentives (GBI) are available through Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) JNNSM have a mission to install 20 GW solar PV plant by 2022 Cost of PV module, land scarcity and technological barrier is a main restriction. Current cost of production is ` 12/KWh and expected cost is ` 6/KWh by 2020

Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission Target 2010-2013 On grid PV power of 1000-2000 MW Off grid PV application 200 MW Solar collector 7 million sq. meter

2013-2017 On grid PV power of 4000-10000 MW Off grid PV application 1000 MW Solar collector 15 million sq. meter
2017-2022 On grid PV power of 22000 MW Off grid PV application 2000 MW Solar collector 20 million sq. meter

Type of Solar PV System

Solar PV System

Grid Connected PV
Large scale production
(Without Battery)

Off Grid PV System

With Battery
(e.g. for houses and industries)

Hybrid PV System

PV based Utilities
Solar Lamp, Solar mobile charger etc.

Wind-PV hybrid system

With Battery (Smart Grid concept)

Without Battery
(PV water Pump)

PV-Diesel hybrid System

Need of Charge Controller and MPPT

Battery is a costly device and must be managed properly. It is found if proper care is taken then life of battery increase

significantly
A charge controller limits the rate at which electric current is

added to or drawn from electric batteries

Charge Controller take care of battery under voltage and over

voltage condition
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) is a electronic device

which maximize PV module output under varying operating condition 5

Solar PV Cell: Basic Model

Solar cell is a device that converts the light energy into

electrical energy based on the principles of photovoltaic effect.

A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting

of an ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a thicker layer of boron-doped (P-type) silicon. Current flow caused by light is known as light generated current Dark condition
I

Illumination

Solar PV Diode Model

Equivalent circuit of PV cell

I-V curve of PV cell

Matlab simulation model of PV cell for Isc 1 amp and Voc 0.55 V, Insolation of 1000 W/2

P-V curve of PV cell

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Battery
The cell is the basic electrochemical unit in a battery,

consisting of a set of positive and negative plates divided by separators, immersed in an electrolyte solution and enclosed in a case. Nominal cell voltage is 2.1 V for lead acid battery
Primary function of battery in PV system:
1. 2. 3.

Energy storage and autonomy Voltage and current stabilization Supply surge current

Secondary battery types and characteristics

Battery Type Flooded Lead Acid Lead Antimony Lead-Calcium open vent Lead-Calcium sealed vent Lead Antimony/Calcium hybrid Captive Electrolyte Lead Acid Gelled Absorbed glass Mat Nickel-Cadmium Sintered Plate Pocket Plate Cost Deep cycle Performance Maintenance

Low Low Low Medium

Good Poor Poor Good

high Medium Low Medium

Medium Medium High high

Fair Fair Good good

Low Low None Medium

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Battery Parameters
Battery

Capacity (Ah): It is the maximum charge storage capacity of a battery. Battery Voltage (V): It is the terminal voltage of battery under no load condition Depth of Discharge (DoD): This is a measure of how much energy has been withdraw from a battery. Battery Life cycle: It is defined as number of complete charge-discharge cycle that battery can perform before it nominal capacity fall below 80% of initial value

Graph between Depth of Discharge and Life cycle of batteries(data is approx.)

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Factor Affecting Battery Performance

Operating voltage range Magnitude of battery discharge current Battery temperature during discharge Choice of battery for particular application

Ideal charging characteristics for a lead-acid battery

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DC-DC Converter
Used for converting DC voltage from one level to another It is used to convert unregulated DC into a controlled DC

output Suitable for PV system where due to change in atmospheric condition DC output change continuously It is also a basic component of MPPT system

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Topologies of DC-DC Converter

Isolated type converter

Non-Isolated type converter

Grid tied system used this topologies, as isolation is required for safety reason

Most of the DC drive used this converter. No need of transformer .

Flyback Half Bridge Full Bridge

Buck-Boost SEPIC Cuk

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Basic Converter
It consist of switch which operate continuously to

maintain output voltage

Fundamental switching converter circuit

0 0 1 1

=
= =

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BUCK Converter
Used for step down of DC voltage

BOOST Converter
Used for step up of DC voltage

Output Voltage =
where D is a duty cycle

Output Voltage =

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BUCK-BOOST Converter
Buck-Boost converters make it possible to efficiently

convert a DC voltage to either low or high voltage It is useful for PV maximum power point tracking It can be obtained by cascade connection of Buck and Boost converter Output Voltage =
1 The basic principle of the buckboost
operation 1. While in the On-state, the input voltage source is directly connected to the inductor (L). This results in accumulating energy in L. In this stage, the capacitor supplies energy to the output load. 2. While in the Off-state, the inductor is connected to the output load and capacitor, so energy is transferred from L to C and R.

Buck Boost Converter

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 Shunt Type Charge Controller Series Type Charge Controller

Type of Charge Controller

Shunt Converter

Series Converter

DC-DC Converter Type Charge Controller No additional losses due to switch and better regulation of battery charging

PV array

DC-DC converter

L O A D

MPPT Charge Controller

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Maximum Power Point Tracking

It consist of electronic circuit allow to collect maximum power from PV module under different condition

PV array

b
c c

a b

Control signal vary duty cycle of converter For Buck converter , equivalent impedance of load reflected at source side is given by:

2
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Hill Climbing Method

Most popular algorithm for MPPT In this method Panel power and voltage is measure continu0soly On the left side of Maximum power point,

slope is positive slope is positive

On the right side of Maximum power point,

Region near to maximum power point slope is zero

Function of algorithm is given by:

1. 2.

In the voltage source region, > 0

D=D + D D=D -

In the current source region, < 0

3.

At MPP, =0

D=D (no change)

Hill climbing method fail environment change condition

under rapid
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Algorithm of Hill Climbing Method

Start Set duty

Read ,

= , =

= * = , = > No
>

D=D + Yes Yes

>
No

No

Yes D=D -
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Standalone PV System
For standalone system to category of converter used, 1.

Renewable side converter (RSC) and 2. Storage side converter

Circuit diagram of charge controller

Inputs are actual PV voltage, PV current, battery

voltage and battery current Measurement of battery current provide additional protection again overcurrent condition
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Optimal Charge Controller Logic

Controller of DC-DC converter

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Study of Output Response of Controller

Conventional controller output Hill Climbing MPPT Method track for maximum power and for battery voltage higher than maximum limit than need to open switch

Proposed scheme It always track for maximum power condition. when battery voltage or current is above the set limit than it try to push converter toward low power extraction region and provide better charging control
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Conclusion
In solar PV based battery charging, MPPT algorithms

are used When the state of charge (SoC) of battery is high and system is on no-load, excess power flows into the battery This results in low operational life of the battery Slight variation in design of MPPT improve the charging condition of battery

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Research Area and Future Work

There is number of MPPT control algorithm. Fuzzy and

Neural network based MPPT algorithm are more accurate. No of improved DC-DC converter topologies are in picture like CUK converter, Isolated converter etc. By choosing the optimal combination of DC-DC converter and MPPT algorithm better regulation of battery is possible

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References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

Sandeep Anand, Rajesh Singh Farswan, Bhukya Mangu, B.G. Fernades, Optimal charging of Battery Using Solar PV in Standalone DC System, Industrial Electronics Magazine , vol.7, no-3,pp.6 20, Sep 2013 Trishan Esram, and Patrick L. Chapman, Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 2, June 2007 Tom Markvark, Luis Castaner, Solar Cells: Material, Manufactures and operation, Elsevier, ISBN-1856174573 Chetan Singh Solanki, Solar Photovoltaic: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, Eastern Economy Edition, ISBN-9788120343863 Simon S. Ang, Power Switching Converters, Marcel Dekker Inc., ISBN0824796306 Paras Karki, Brijesh Adhikary, MATLAB/Simulink based Modeling and Simulation of Gird-connected Solar Photovoltaic System in Distribution Power Network,Fifth International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp.28 - 30 October, 2013 James P. Dunlop, P. E. Florida, Batteries and Charge Control in StandAlone Photovoltaic Systems Fundamentals and Application, Solar Energy Center1-679, Clearlake RoadCocoa, FL 32922-5703
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