Time to Change

starts between age 8 and 13 in girls ;age 10 and 15 in boys. Some kids begin a bit earlier or later than that, and kids can experience puberty-related changes at any point during those years.

FACTOR AFFECT TIMING OF PUBERTY

Personal Health Care Nutrition Heredity Body weight- girls critical weight is 47kg; boys is 55kg Obese girls experience earlier menarche; malnutrition lead to delayed menarche

HORMONE CHANGE

Gonadotrophins in adult range at first 1-2 yrs of life Decline , remain low until puberty Gradually rise (testosterone ,estrogen, LH, FSH, androgen) Level higher at night ,wet dream

GONADOSTAT HYPOTHESIS

Hypothalamus-pituitary very sensitive to suppression by low levels of sex steroids in prepubertal period As sex steroids receptors in hypothalamus and pituitary mature, this inhibition decrease, lead to rising concentration of circulating gonadotrophin and sex steroids during puberty Positive feedback develop

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTIC

Breast, genitalia, pubic hair beard growth and voice change

Estrogen

boy

girl

breast bud

breast bud

breast growth

breast growth

diminishes

not diminishes gynecomastia

Growing till mature state

Preadolescent stage :only papilla (nipple) is elavated

Breast bud stage : papila and breast are elevated

Continue enlargement

Papilla and areola projecting above breast contour

Mature stage: only papilla is elavated

estrogen

Fatty tissue Estrogen receptor site

progesterone and prolactin: lobules and alveoli enlarge , become secretory in nature

Mammary gland

Scientists have proven that stimulating the estrogen receptors in the breast with estrogen can increase the size of the female breast as much as 150%.

GENITAL ORGAN GROWTH MALES

Pre-adolescent stage: penis testes and scrotum are small size Scrotum and testes enlarge, testure of scrotal skin change ,slightly red Darken in colour of scrotum and glans penis develop Adult stage

FEMALE INTERNAL GENITAL ORGAN

the uterus and ovaries increase in size

increasing levels of estrogen cause Whitish secretions mucosal surface becoming thicker (physiologic leukorrhea) and a duller pink in color

pubarche . often appears in a boy shortly after the genitalia begin to grow, usually first visible at the dorsal (abdominal) base of the penis. within another 612 months, hairs are too numerous to count. the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle." spread of pubic hair to the thighs and upward towards the umbilicus.

No pubic hair is visible

Sparse growth of long downy hair, slightly curled along labia

Coarse curlier darker hair

Spread, cover labia not quantity, no spread to medial surface of thigh

Adult stage: classical inverse triangle spread to the medial surface of thigh

In the months and years following the appearance of pubic hair, other areas of skin which respond to androgens develop heavier hair

Voice change

Androgens cause the voice box, or larynx, grows in both genders , it sticks out at the front of the throat (Adam's apple). because the larger vocal folds have a lower fundamental frequency, cracking and breaking sounds in the early stages. Most of the voice change happens during stage 4 of male puberty around the time of peak growth. girl's larynx doesn't grow as much as a boy's does. Most girls don't have Adam's apples,

Body odor, skin changes, acne

Rising levels of androgens change the fatty acid composition of perspiration, resulting in a more "adult" body odor. increased secretion of oil (sebum) from the skin cause acne.

SEQUENCE OF PUBERTAL EVENTS

MALE: Growth of testes Testosterone Growth of penis scrotum and pubic hair Axillary hair 1st ejaculation: wet dream Growth spurt Facial hair Adult height (Sex hormones on skeleton) FEMALE: Breast buds appear (thelarche ) Pubic hair appear (pubarche) Growth spurt Axillary hair Pubic hair mature Breast mature Menarchy (1st cycle) Adult height (Sex hormones on skeleton)