Presented by:Dr.

Anita Chaudhari
Roll No : 2
 INTRODUCTION

 AIDS---Acquired immuno deficiency

syndrome(slim desease).
 Fatal illness---caused by retro virus
known as HIV.
 It breaks down immune system
of body.
 Person once infected remains
infected for lifetime.
 AIDS refer to last stage of HIV infection.
 It is a pendemic desease.
 WHAT IS AIDS

 It is thus-
A  (acquired)     : got from others

I   (immuno)      : body's defense system

D (deficiency)   : not working properly

S (syndrome)    : a group of symptoms

 WHAT IS HIV

HIV is:
 Human – isolated to the human species

 Immuno -- Lacking ability to fight infectious

agents
Deficiency

 Virus – a disease causing agent

 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES

Agent factors
a.Agent—HIV is 1/10,000th of mm in dia.It has unique ability to destroy
humanT4 helper cells,spreads throughout body & passes through
blood brain barrier & can destroy brain cells.
b.Reservoir of infection--- They are cases & carriers.Once infected
virus remains in body lifelong.
Symptomless HIV infected carrier can infect others.
a.Source of infection---The virus is in greatest concentration in
blood ,semen,and CSF.Lower conc. Detected in tears, saliva, breast
milk, urine, cervical and vaginal secretions.
Only blood and semen have been shown to transmit the virus
 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES

Host factors
a.Age—In sexually active persons of age group 20-49 years.
b.Sex---Sexual practices like multiple partners, anal intercourse ,
male homosexuality,prostitution, increases risk.
c. High risk group —male homosexuals & bisexuals, prostitutes ,
iv drug abusers, blood & blood product transfusion of HIV
infected.
d.Immunology —The virus reproduces and destroys WBC’s(T
helper cells),thus reducing the immunity of the body.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION

SEXUAL TRANSMISSION
 Infected person’s blood, semen, are rich in
HIV.
 However tears, saliva, sweat, urine do not
pose danger
 Most easily by unprotected sexual
intercourse.
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION

BLOOD CONTACT
 Transfusion of infected
blood or blood products .

 Use of infected needles

& instruments without sterilization .

 Sharing of needles
& syringes by HIV drug addicts .
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION

MATERNAL –FOETAL TRANSMISSION

 Infected mother to baby

during pregnancy& through
breast-feeding.
 INCUBATION PERIOD

 Incubation period is uncertain.

 May range from few months to 6 years or more.

 Virus can lie silent in body for many years.

 It is estimated that 75% of infected with HIV

develop AIDS by end of 10 years.
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

1. Initial infection —
HIV infected have no symptom for first 5 years.Look healthy,feel
well but can transmit the virus.
2. Asymptomatic carrier state---
Infected people have antibodies but no signs of desease.
3. AIDS related complex---
illness caused by damage to immune system show one or more
clinical signs( diarrhoea,fever,loss of weight,cough,enlarge
spleen,fatigue,G.weakness,etc.)
4. AIDS---
End stage of HIV infection.No. of infections occur at this
stage.Due to uncontrol infection.
 CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS

 Person is considered to have AIDS if 2 major signs are present

with atleast 1minor signs.
Major Signs---
 Long standing, unexplained fever
(more than1 month) .
 Unexplained diarrhoea
(more than 1 month)
 Persistent unexplained fatigue
& weight loss more than 5 kg
within short period .
 CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS

Minor signs---
 Persistent cough (more than1 month)

 Generalised pruritic dermatitis

 Oral candidiasis

 History of herpes zosters

 chronic herpes simplex infection

 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

SPOT TEST
 This is simple rapid test for finding out HIV status.
 Rarely chances of false positive report & hence positive report should be confirmed by
doing ELISA test.
ELISA TEST
 The infection can only be detected by doing
blood test i.e. ELISA HIV antibody test.
WESTERN BLOT(WB) TEST
 Specialized and costly confirmatory test for HIV.
 Done to confirm positive ELISA or SPOT test report.
 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

CD4 & VIRAL LOAD TESTING

 Very costly tests & done only in affording patients who are willing to
start anti-HIV (antiretroviral) drugs.

 It is mandatory to do pre-test & post-test counseling of all patients

before & after test respectively.
 PREVENTION & CONTROL OF HIV

HIV can be prevented by adopting simple measures:

SAFE SEX –using condoms



SAFE BLOOD -uncontaminated



SAFE NEEDLES -sterilised


 PREVENTION & CONTROL OF HIV

 EDUCATION--- only means available for

mass awareness

 SAFE MOTHERHOOD
HIV may pass from infected mother to
foetus through placenta ,during delivery
or by breast feeding.

 SAFE RAZOR AND BLADE

(not previously used)
 EDUCATION TO PATIENTS

GENERAL CARE

Sympathetic attitude, family and public support .


Patient should be advised to take adequate rest & diet rich in proteins ,vitamins & avoid outside food.

Patient should be advised not to donate blood or organ.

Patient should be advised to use condom.

Patient be encouraged to give up smoking, alcohol.

Patient should drink boiled water ,do exercise or yoga

 HOW HIV-- NOT TRANSMITTED

 No risk of contracting HIV infection in daily

routine & by casual contact with HIV positive
person.

AIDS virus is not transmitted through:

 Embarrassing

 Touching hand shaking or hugging

 HOW HIV-- NOT TRANSMITTED

 Sharing bathroom or toilet

 Coughing or sneezing

 Eating together or sharing utensils

 Swimming pools
 HOW HIV--NOT TRANSMITTED

 Sharing clothes

 Mosquito bite, Insect bite or

houseflies .

 Patient caring
 ANTI RETROVIRAL TREATMENT

SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
Early treatment of common problems like fever, cough, diarrhoea etc. from family doctor .

Early treatment of opportunistic infections like TB etc.

SPECIFIC ANTI-RETROVIRAL TREATMENT
HIV suppressants drugs should be used as there is no vaccine or cure available.(The drug should be as per Doctors

advice).
For eg.

 For accidental pricks - AZ3 200 mg tds + Lamivudin 150 mg bd for 4 weeks

 ADVANCED AIDS — Nelfinavil 750 mg tds +AZT