BY: ANAND NAGARAJAN

YUVRAJ RATHOD
SAGAR TANMANE
 INTRODUCTION

• Oil, coal, gas and such other forms of non-

renewable energy are fast depleting.

• And hence we need to go for renewable sources

of energy like Sun, Wind, Biomass etc.

• Due to the growing demand for clean sources of

energy, the manufacture of solar cells and
photovoltaic arrays has expanded dramatically in
recent years.
 Photovoltaics

The sun provides almost infinite solar energy that can be

converted into electric energy usable for all.
The technology is photovoltaic which converts light into electricity.
.
Due to the growing environmental issues and awareness raised,
there is an inevitable need for alternative energies other than
fossil fuels that almost always emit greenhouse gases or other air
polluting substances that are hazardous to the environment and
atmosphere – ozone layer. Thus, the research and studies
devoted to the manufacturing of solar cells have increased during
the recent years.
 Difficulties in capturing this vast
solar energy

• Large panels and large area required.

• Installations are very costly.

• The source has low power density (300 W/m2 to 1

KW/m2).

• And climatic conditions are not always favorable

throughout the year.
So our task is to capture this superabundant and & free
resource to fuel our planet...

Thus efforts are being made all over the world to search for
a viable solution to all above problems.
Existing systems, technology and
methods available for Solar energy
conversion are:
A simple PV system
 Drawbacks of the simple PV
system
Output voltage and current are continuously changing
throughout the day because of :

1) Unavailability of constant solar irradiance throughout

the day, since sun is available to us only during
daytime and not available during night time.
2) Still another is the cloud covering over areas on earth
that further lessens the intensity of the incoming rays.
Problems associated with

1.Solar Tracking System

• By adding a solar tracking system to your solar panels,
you are adding moving parts and gears which will require
regular maintenance and repair or replacement of
broken parts

• 1/3rd of total energy is used up by the tracking system

itself..
 2. Battery chargers
• For small systems, workable energy-
management schemes usually include a
rechargeable battery and battery charger. A
shortcoming of this solution is that ordinary
battery chargers, even efficient ones, do an
imperfect job of squeezing the last milli-watt
from sustainable sources over realistic
combinations of ambient and battery
conditions.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 Maximum Power Point Tracker
(MPPT)
• A new feature is showing up in charge controllers.
It's called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). It
extracts additional power from your PV array, under
certain conditions. This article explains the process by a
mechanical analogy.

• The function of a MPPT is analogous to the transmission

in a car. When the transmission is in the wrong gear, the
wheels do not receive maximum power. That's because
the engine is running either slower or faster than its ideal
speed range. The purpose of the transmission is to
couple the engine to the wheels, in a way that lets the
engine run in a favorable speed range in spite of varying
acceleration and terrain.
• Let's compare a PV module to a car engine. Its voltage is
analogous to engine speed. Its ideal voltage is that at
which it can put out maximum power. This is called its
maximum power point. (It's also called peak power
voltage, abbreviated Vpp). Vpp varies with sunlight
intensity and with solar cell temperature. The voltage of
the battery is analogous to the speed of the car's wheels.
It varies with battery state of charge, and with the loads
on the system (any appliances and lights that may be on).
For a 12V system, it varies from about 11 to 14.5V.
• In order to charge a battery (increase its voltage), the PV
module must apply a voltage that is higher than that of the
battery. If the PV module's Vpp is just slightly below the
battery voltage, then the current drops nearly to zero (like
an engine turning slower than the wheels). So, to play it
safe, typical PV modules are made with a Vpp of around
17V when measured at a cell temperature of 25°C. They
do that because it will drop to around 15V on a very hot
day. However, on a very cold day, it can rise to 18V!
• What happens when the Vpp is much higher than the voltage of the
battery? The module voltage is dragged down to a lower-than-ideal
voltage. Traditional charge controllers transfer the PV current directly
to the battery, giving you NO benefit from this added potential.

• Now, let's make one more analogy. The car's transmission varies the
ratio between speed and torque. At low gear, the speed of the wheels
is reduced and the torque is increased, right? Likewise, the MPPT
varies the ratio between the voltage and current delivered to the
battery, in order to deliver maximum power. If there is excess voltage
available from the PV, then it converts that to additional current to the
battery. Furthermore, it is like an automatic transmission. As the Vpp
of the PV array varies with temperature and other conditions, it
"tracks" this variance and adjusts the ratio accordingly. Thus it is
called a Maximum Power Point Tracker.
• What advantage does MPPT give in the real world? That
depends on your array, your climate, and your seasonal
load pattern. It gives you an effective current boost only
when the Vpp is more than about 1V higher than the
battery voltage. In hot weather, this may not be the case
unless the batteries are low in charge. In cold weather
however, the Vpp can rise to 18V. If your energy use is
greatest in the winter (typical in most homes) and you
have cold winter weather, then you can gain a
substantial boost in energy when you need it the most!
• The maximum power point (MPP) of a
photovoltaic (PV) array is an essential part of a
PV system. Many MPP tracking (MPPT)
methods have been developed and
implemented. In fact, so many methods have
been developed that it is very difficult to
adequately determine which method is most
appropriate.
• In this project we propose to design
simulate / implement a system that would remain
stable at MPP (avoid oscillations) under varying
conditions.
Future Scope

We will be
connecting an
inverter to
convert the
obtained DC
voltage to AC.

This will
enable us to
run even the
AC loads.
Let’s make our
future brighter and
secure it for our
Future
generations......

Thank you......