Electricity Theory

VIR PIV and Capacitors!!!

PEg

Energy

When an object is at some height in a gravitational field it is said to have gravitational potential energy, PEg

Energy

Like gravitational fields causing masses to have potential energy, Electric Fields cause charges to have electric potential energy, PEE PEE is a type of mechanical energy MEtotal = KE + PEg + PEs + PEE

Energy

To give something PE you must do work (apply force over a distance) on the something (raising up in g-field) For PEE to occur a FE must be applied by either a. An E-Field (uniform) b. A pair of charges

Energy
Uniform E-field

W PE Fd F Eq PEE qEd

B
Line Color Red: E-Field

Black: Equipotential lines Blue: charge displacement

Energy

Pair of Charges

W PE Fd q1q2 F kc 2 r q1q2 PEE kc r

Electric Potential

Any point in an electric field is said to have Electric Potential, V. However, only a Difference V PE in PE is measurable q (remember zero point) so we talk of electric potential unit Volt, V difference AKA potential J difference, V. 1V=1

PEE V q

Potential Difference

Potential Difference

Potential Difference

Back to the zero point

A convenient zero point to chose in a circuit or any electric system is the ground

Battery (cells)

A battery produces electricity by transforming chemical energy into electrical energy

Battery
Carbon Electrode

Zinc Electrode

Sulfuric Acid

Capacitor

A capacitor is a storehouse of charge and energy that can be reclaimed when needed for a specific application A capacitor will only charge to the potential difference between the terminals of the battery

Capacitance

Capacitance, C: The ability of a conductor to store energy in the form of electrically separated charges Capacitance is the ratio of charge to potential difference

Q C V

unit Farad, F C 1F=1 V

Capacitance

Capacitance depends on size and shape

A C 0 d
0 permittivity of free space, 8.85x10
A Area of one plate d distance between plates
-12

C 2 Nm

Capacitor

Energy stored in a capacitor

1 1 2 U energy QV CV 2 2

Electric Current

Movement of electric charge Rate of charge movement

Q I t

unit Ampere, A C 1A=1 s

Charge Movement

Charge Movement

Circuit Analogy

Types of Current

AC Alternating current charges continuously change direction forward and back at 60 Hz

Example: outlets (approx 120 V)

DC Direct current charges move in one direction

Example: batteries

AC-DC Debate births the Electric Chair

Resistance

Resistance is the impedance of the motion of charge through a conductor The ratio of potential difference across a conductor to the current it carries

V R I

unit ohm, V Js 1 1 1 2 A C

Ohms Law

V IR

Resistance

Depends on: Length, cross sectional area, material, and temperature

L R A

resistivity, m
L length, m A cross sectional area, m2

Resistance and Temp

Resistance and Thickness

Resistor

An electronic element that provides a specified resistance. A current or voltage REGULATOR

Power (its Electric!)

Power: Rate at which work is done. OR Rate at which energy is transformed Electric Power: The rate at which charge carriers convert PEE into non-mechanical energy

P IV

unit watt, W J 1W=1 s

Reading and Homework

Read Chapter 17

HW due on test day:

p 599 1-3; p 601 2, 3, 5-9; p 607 1 4 (B); p609 1 5 p 615 1 6; p 616 2-4, 7,9 p 621 1 5

pp 593 - 625

Extra Practice
p 626 628 11, 20 54