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Fc
There is an outward force, but it does not act ON you. It is the reaction force exerted BY you ON the door. It affects only the door.
Another Example
Disappearing platform at fair.
Fc
What exerts the centripetal force in this example and on what does it act?
The centripetal force is exerted BY the wall ON the man. A reaction force is exerted by the man on the wall, but that does not determine the motion of the man.
Centripetal Acceleration
Consider ball moving at constant speed v in a horizontal circle of radius R at end of string tied to peg on center of table. (Assume zero friction.)
Fc v R
vo
A
s v o
Dv
vf
t
s
-vo Dv
R mass m
Dv
s v o
v
vs Rt
= =
R
vv R
2
Dv t
Centripetal acceleration:
v ac ; R
mv Fc mac R
Example 1: A 3-kg rock swings in a circle of radius 5 m. If its constant speed is 8 m/s, what is the centripetal acceleration? 2 v v m m = 3 kg ac
R
R = 5 m; v = 8 m/s
mv Fc mac R
Example 2: A skater moves with 15 m/s in a circle of radius 30 m. The ice exerts a central force of 450 N. What is the mass of the skater? Draw and label sketch Fc R mv 2 Fc ; m 2 v = 15 m/s R v
450 N
Fc R
30 m
m=?
Speed skater
Example 3. The wall exerts a 600 N force on an 80-kg person moving at 4 m/s on a circular platform. What is the radius of the circular path? Draw and label sketch
m = 80 kg; v = 4 m/s2 Fc = 600 N r=?
Newtons 2nd law for circular motion:
mv mv F ; r r F
2
r = 2.13 m
Ans. No, but the car does exert a outward reaction force ON the road.
fs mg
Fc = fs R
The central force FC and the friction force fs are not two different forces that are equal. There is just one force on the car. The nature of this central force is static friction.
fs
Fc = fs R
m v
Fc
mg The car is on the verge of slipping when FC is equal to the maximum force of static friction fs.
Fc = fs Fc = mv2 R fs = msmg
Fc = fs
fs mg
Fc
mv2 R v=
= msmg msgR
m v
Example 4: A car negotiates a turn of radius 70 m when the coefficient of static friction is 0.7. What is the maximum speed to avoid slipping?
m Fc = R mv2 R fs = msmg
Fc
ms = 0.7
From which: v =
msgR
g = 9.8 m/s2; R = 70 m
m
v
Fc
force n can provide the necessary centripetal force without the need for a friction force.
fs w
q
n
w
q
n
fs
fs = 0
slow speed
fast speed
optimum
Free-body Diagram
x
mg
q q
Acceleration a is toward the center. Set x axis along the direction of ac , i. e., horizontal (left to right).
n
q
n cos q
n sin q
mg mg
+ ac
n cos q
n sin q
mg
SFx = mac SFy = 0
n sin q
mv2
n cos q = mg
n cos q
q
n sin q
mg
mv2
n sin q
n cos q = mg
mv 2 v R tan q mg gR 1
n cos q
n sin q
mg
v tan q gR
Example 5: A car negotiates a turn of radius 80 m. What is the optimum banking angle for this curve if the speed is to be equal to 12 m/s?
n
tan q =
v2 gR
(12 m/s)2
mg
n cos q
tan q = 0.184
n sin q
mg
How might you 2 find the mv centripetal FC force on the car, knowing R its mass?
Note also that the positive direction is always along acceleration, i.e., toward the center of the circle.
10 N
+ R
v
T T +
10 N
As an exercise, assume that a central force of Fc = 40 N is required to maintain circular motion of a ball and W = 10 N.
The tension T must adjust so that central resultant is 40 N.
At top: 10 N + T = 40 N
Bottom: T 10 N = 40 N
T T= = _?_ 30 N
T T= =__?___ 50 N
mg T
R v
AT TOP: mg T
T=
mv2 R
T mg
v
AT Bottom: T mg +
T=
Visual Aid: Assume that the centripetal force required to maintain circular motion is 20 N. Further assume that the weight is 5 N.
v R
v
FC = 20 N at top
AND at bottom.
mv 2 FC 20 N R
FC = 20 N
W = 5 N, down
Visual Aid: The resultant force (20 N) is the vector sum of T and W at ANY point in path.
W T T W
+ R + v
Top: T + W = FC T + 5 N = 20 N T = 20 N - 5 N = 15 N Bottom: T - W = FC
FC = 20 N at top
AND at bottom.
T - 5 N = 20 N
T = 20 N + 5 N = 25 N
mv2
R
- mg
Example 10: A 2-kg rock swings in a vertical circle of radius 8 m. The speed of the rock as it passes its highest point is 10 m/s. What is tension T in rope? 2
v
mg
At Top:
mg + T =
mv
R
R v
T=
mv2
- mg
T = 25 N - 19.6 N
Example 11: A 2-kg rock swings in a vertical circle of radius 8 m. The speed of the rock as it passes its lowest point is 10 m/s. What is tension T in rope? 2
v R T
mg
At Bottom:
T - mg =
mv
R
T=
mv2
+ mg
T = 25 N + 19.6 N
Example 12: What is the critical speed vc at the top, if the 2-kg mass is to continue in a circle of radius 8 m? 0 2 mv v At Top: mg + T = mg R vc occurs when T = 0 R T mv2 mg = vc = gR v R
v= gR =
(9.8 m/s2)(8 m)
vc = 8.85 m/s
AT TOP:
mg +
n=
mv2 R
- mg
n
n=
mv2
R + mg
AT BOTTOM:
n
mg
n
v
AT TOP: +
mg
- n=
mv2
R
mv2
mg
n = mg -
AT BOTTOM:
n
mg
n=
mv2 R
+ mg
Example 13: What is the n apparent weight of a 60-kg person as she moves through v the highest point when R = mg 45 m and the speed at that point is 6 m/s?
Apparent weight will be the normal force at the top: mv2 mg - n = n = mg R
2 (60 kg)(6 m/s) 2 n 60 kg(9.8 m/s ) 45 m
+ R
mv2 R
n = 540 N
Summary
Centripetal acceleration:
v ac ; R
mv Fc mac R
v=
msgR
v2 tan q = gR
v= gR tan q
Conical pendulum:
AT TOP:
mg +
2 mv T= - mg R
AT BOTTOM:
T
mg
2 mv T= + mg R
n
v
AT TOP: +
mg
- n=
mv2
R
mv2
mg
n = mg -
AT BOTTOM:
n
mg
n=
mv2 R
+ mg
T T sin q
mg
Note: The inward component of tension T sin q gives the needed central force.
T T sin q v2
gR
T sin q
mv2
tan q =
T cos q = mg
Example 6: A 2-kg mass swings in a horizontal circle at the end of a cord of length 10 m. What is the constant speed of the mass if the rope makes an angle of 300 with the vertical?
q 300
L q T
Find: v = ?
3. To use this formula, we need to find R = ? R = L sin 300 = (10 m)(0.5) R=5m
R=5m
Solve for v=?
2
g = 9.8 m/s2
v tan q gR
2
L q
T R
v gR tan q
2
v gR tan q
0
v = 5.32 m/s
Example 7: Now find the tension T in the cord if m = 2 kg, q = 300, and L = 10 m.
T cos q
L q
2 kg
T
q
T R
h mg
T sin q T cos q = mg
T = 22.6 N
SFy = 0:
T= mg cos q =
T cos q - mg = 0;
(2 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
cos 300
T cos q
q
T T sin q
2 kg
L q h T Fc R mg
R=d+b R = L sin q + b
tan q =
and
v=
gR tan q
Example 9. If b = 5 m and L = 10 m, what will be the speed if the angle q = 260? v2 tan q = R=d+b gR L q b d = (10 m) sin 260 = 4.38 m T d R = 4.38 m + 5 m = 9.38 m R
v gR tan q
2
v gR tan q
2 0
v = 6.70 m/s