PRINCIPLES OF

COMMUNICATION
.
1. Sender (Transmitter) sends information
2. Receiver receives information
3. Communication channel path through which the signal
propagates from transmitter
to receiver. It may be
1. wired communication or
2. wireless communication
Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted information.

Basic Communication system
Transmitter
The transmitter is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that converts the
electrical signal into a signal suitable for
transmission over a given medium.

Transmitters are made up of oscillators,
amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters,
modulators, frequency mixers, frequency
synthesizers, and other circuits.
Communication Channel
The communication channel is the medium by
which the electronic signal is sent from one
place to another.


Types of media include
Electrical conductors
Optical media
Free space
System-specific media (e.g., water is the
medium for sonar).
Receivers
A receiver is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that accepts the
transmitted message from the channel and
converts it back into a form understandable
by humans.

Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators,
mixers, tuned circuits and filters, and a
demodulator or detector that recovers the
original intelligence signal from the
modulated carrier.
Noise
Noise is random, undesirable electronic
energy that enters the communication
system via the communicating medium and
interferes with the transmitted message.
Mobile communication (wireless communication)
Modulation
In the process of modulation the base band
Signal is shifted From low frequency to high frequency
Multiplexing is possible

Need for modulation
Reduction in the height of antenna
Avoids mixing of signals
Increases the range of communication
Improves quality of reception


MODULATION

Analog modulation Digital modulation
Continuous wave system
Pulse modulation
AM
FM
PM
PAM
PWM
PPM
PCM
DM
ADM
DPCM
Pulse digital
modulation
Shift keying
methods
ASK
FSK
PSK
QAM
Analog Signals
An analog signal is a smoothly and
continuously varying voltage or current.
Examples are:
Sine wave
Voice
Video (TV)
: Analog signals (a) Sine wave tone. (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal
Digital Signals
Digital signals change in steps or in
discrete increments.
Most digital signals use binary or two-
state codes.
Examples are:
Telegraph (Morse code)
Continuous wave (CW) code
Serial binary code (used in
computers)
: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW) code.
(c) Serial binary code.
Modulation and multiplexing are electronic
techniques for transmitting information efficiently
from one place to another.


Modulation makes the information signal more
compatible with the medium.

Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be
transmitted concurrently over a single medium.
The process of impressing low-frequency
information signals onto a high frequency
carrier signal is called modulation.

Demodulation is the reverse process where
the received signals are transformed back to their
original form.
Baseband Transmission

Baseband information can be sent directly and
unmodified over the medium or can be used to
modulate a carrier for transmission over the
medium.
In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is
placed on the wires and transmitted.
In some computer networks, the digital signals
are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair
cables for transmission.
Pass band Transmission

A carrier is a high frequency signal that is
modulated by audio, video, or data.

A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic
signal that is able to travel long distances through
space.
Pass band Transmission
A Pass band transmission takes place when a
message signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to
the antenna for transmission.
The two most common methods of modulation are:
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Angle Modulation
1.Frequency Modulation (FM)
2.Phase Modulation (PM)
The electromagnetic spectrum.
Spectrum Management and Standards
Spectrum management is provided by agencies set
up by the United States and other countries to
control spectrum use.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
and the National Telecommunications and
Information Administration (NTIA) are two
agencies that deal in spectrum management.
Standards are specifications and guidelines
necessary to ensure compatibility between
transmitting and receiving equipment.
Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength.
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum occupied by a signal.

Channel bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies
required to transmit the desired information.
Amplitude modulation is the process of
changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency
carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous
value of the modulating signal (information signal)
There are 2 inputs to the modulation device (often called
modulator):
1. A single, high-frequency RF carrier signal of constant
amplitude
2. Low-frequency information signals that maybe a single
frequency or a
complex waveform made up of many frequencies
In the modulator, the information modulates the RF carrier
producing a modulated waveform, often called an AM
envelope
Amplitude Modulation
Define the message by a baseband signal m(t).
Define the carrier by a sinusoidal signal c(t)
with amplitude A
c
and frequency f
c
The AM signal is then given by
s t ( ) = A
c
1+ k
a
m t ( )
| |
cos 2tf
c
t ( )
AM Envelope
The envelope of an AM signal is the factor in
front of the carrier,

Envelope is a baseband signal and contains all
the information an AM signal carries
1+ k
a
m t ( )
| |
Demodulation of AM
AM Frequency Spectrum and
Bandwidth
Depth of modulation or

Modulation index m = Em/Ec
E m= peak change in the amplitude of the
output waveform
Ec = peak amplitude of the unmodulated
carrier
Voltage Distribution
A
c
1 + cos 2tf
m
t
( ) | |
cos 2tf
c
t
( )
=
A
c
cos 2tf
c
t ( ) + A
c
cos 2tf
m
t ( )cos 2tf
c
t ( )
= A
c
cos 2tf
c
t
( )
carri er
+
A
c

2
cos f
c
+ f
m
( )
t +
A
c

2
cos f
c
f
m
( )
t
message
AM Power
The power of AM signal is split between
carrier and message
Requirements on the Envelope
To prevent overmodulation, the envelope
must always be positive,
1+ k
a
m(t) > 0 t
or
k
a
m(t) s1
1+ k
a
m(t) > 0 1+ k
a
m(t) < 0
overmodulation
Phase of an Analog Signal
Y
Strength
X
Time Frame
0 90 180 270 360
The Concept of Phase Shift
90 degrees phase shift
180 degrees phase shift
0 90
0
180
FM has infinite number of sidebands.
Therefore the band width is approximated by
Carsons rule
BW = 2[f+ fm (max)] Hz


Where f is the frequency deviation and
fm is the modulating frequency