Expressions of quantity are words that describe the number or amount of a noun.

Example:
some rice a few apple many people little sugar

They are usually used in front of a noun.

They can also be used alone - without a noun. ONLY - when the meaning is clear. When both speaker and listener know what the expression of quantity refers to.
These expressions function as PRONOUNS. Lily is seven years old. She is pretty. I want some apple. I dont have any.

A: I need some yellow paper. B: I dont have any. Ask Matt. I think he has some.
any and some are used without a noun It is clearly understood that: any = any yellow papers some = some yellow paper any used in question & negative sentences some used in positive sentences

A: I need some apples. B: I dont have any. Maybe Ali has some.
A: I need a lot of money. B: I dont have much. You can ask my mother. She has some. A: Please give me a few apples. B: Im sorry. I have very few. A: I understand youre a football fan. Have you gone to a lot of football games? B: Yes. Ive gone to many. I saw three just last week.

There are 25 desks in room 204. How many are there in room 207. (many = many desks) 2. A: Im hungry. Do we have any apples? B: I think there are some in the refrigerator. 3. A: Im hungry. Do we have any bread? B: I think there is some in the refrigerator. 4. A: Do you have any envelopes? B: I think there are some in the upper right-hand drawer of my desk. If you cant find any there, look on the bookcase next to my desk.

5. A: Do you take sugar in your coffee? B: No, but I usually add a little to my tea. 6. A: Amy, do you have any lined paper for a three-ring notebook? B: How much do you need? A: I dont really need a lot. A little will do. I need just a few sheets. 7. A: There arent any erasers for the chalkboard in this room. B: I can borrow a couple from the classroom next door.

2. A: Im hungry. Do we have any apples? B: I think there are some in the refrigerator. some = some apples
3. A: Im hungry. Do we have any bread? B: I think there is some in the refrigerator. some = some bread 4. A: Do you have any envelopes? B: I think there are some in the upper right-hand drawer of my desk. If you cant find any there, look on the bookcase next to my desk. some = some envelopes/ any = any envelopes

5. A: Do you take sugar in your coffee? B: No, but I usually add a little to my tea. a little = a little sugar 6. A: Amy, do you have any lined paper for a three-ring notebook? B: How much do you need? A: I dont really need a lot. A little will do. I need just a few sheets. much = much lined papers / a lot = a lot of lined papers 7. A: There arent any erasers for the chalkboard in this room. B: I can borrow a couple from the classroom next door. a couple = a couple of eraser

A: I need some black tapes? (Nonspecific) B: I dont have any, but Jack has some. A: Where are the black tapes that were on my desk? (Specific) B: Rita has them. Object Pronouns for PLURAL COUNT NOUNS Nonspecific some / any Specific them 1: Speakers are not talking about specific tapes. 2: Speakers are talking about specific tapesthe tapes on the desk

A: I need a black tape? (Nonspecific) B: I think you can get one from Jack. A: Where is the black tape that was on my desk? (Specific) B: Rita has it.

Object Pronouns for SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS Nonspecific one Specific it, her, him

A: Would you like some coffee? (Nonspecific) B: No thanks, I just had some. I dont want any right now. A: Your cup is empty. What happened to your coffee? (Specific) B: I drank it.

Object Pronouns for NONCOUNT NOUNS Nonspecific some or any Specific it

Object pronouns for PLURAL COUNT NOUNS: Nonspecific: some or any Specific: them Object pronouns for SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS: Nonspecific: one Specific: it, her, him Object pronouns NONCOUNT NOUNS : Nonspecific: some or any Specific: it

To make a warning or a strong suggestion Use had better + base form

Youd better + get up! Youre going late to work. Youd better + study. If not you are going to fail. Shed better + work hard or she going to regret.

Had better does not have s in the third-person singular. It is not followed by to Your Your Your Your son son son son works harder had to work harder had to better works harder. had better work harder

She works harder She had to work harder Shed to better works harder Shed better work harder

To form the negative of had better, place not after had better
Wed better not go out tonight. Shed better not sleep late night. The boy had better not go out tonight. She had = Shed