Topic 2: Basics of Power and Energy

Power vs. Energy

Important Power Values (k = kilo, M = mega, G = giga, T = tera) "Caveman" ~ 100 W, U.S. per capita ~ 10 kW, Windmill ~ 1 MW, Nuclear power plant ~ 1 GW Total U.S. ~ 3 TW, Total world ~ 15 TW
U.S. energy consumption Sectors: industrial, transportation, residential, commercial Sources: oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, etc. Types of Energy Kinetic, Gravitational Potential, Thermal, Electrical

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Power vs. Energy

POWER = RATE of energy consumption = energy per unit time

Units of watts (1 W = 1 Joule/sec) or kilowatts (1 kW = 1 kJ / sec)

What is the U.S. per capita power consumption? (a) 100 W (one 100 W bulb ALWAYS on) (b) 10 kW (ten 1 kW hair dryers ALWAYS on) ENERGY = power time Units of kilowatt-hours (kWh) or kilojoules (kJ) 1 kWh = 3,600 kJ (see notes section on PPT slide for calculation)

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POWER = 100 Watts

Caveman
(2,000 kcal/day)

ONE Light Bulb

=
Power = Energy per unit time = Watts (Joule/sec)
About how much does it cost to run a 100 W light bulb for one year? (a) $1 (b) $10 (c) $100 (see notes section on PPT slide for calculation)
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POWER = 10 Kilowatts (kW)

U.S. "per capita"

100

=
or 10 hair dryers!

10,000 Watts

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POWER = 1 Megawatt (MW)

ONE Windmill

100

=
1,000,000 Watts
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POWER = 1 Gigawatt (GW)

ONE Nuclear Power Plant

= 1,000
1,000,000,000 Watts
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Power Values
Power delivered to the Earth by the Sun equals 100,000 terawatts (TW) or 1017 watts (W). One terawatt (TW) equals how many watts (W)? (a) 1 million watts (106 W) (b) 1 billion watts (109 W) (c) 1 trillion watts (1012 W) What is the total power consumption of the world's ~7 billion people? (a) 1 TW (b) 15 TW (c) 100 TW The per capita power consumption for the world is __________ than the per capita power consumption in the U.S. (a) higher (b) lower

(see notes section on PPT slide for calculation)

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Power and Energy for Human Heart!

The human heart has a power output of 1 to 5 Watts.
For a woman with a 1-Watt heart, about how many gigajoules (GJ) of energy output does this correspond to over her 100-year lifetime? (Format = X)

Hint: 1 year ~ 3107 s (about 30 million seconds!) 1 W = 1 J/s and 1 GJ = 109 J

Power = 1 - 5 W
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Power and Energy Cost for Incandescent Bulb

A 100-watt incandescent light bulb costs approximately $100 to run for one year. Using the same pricing ($1 per watt for 1 yr usage), what is the "cost" for the energy produced in one year by a 1-GW nuclear reactor? (a) $100 million (b) $1 billion (c) $10 billion

The unit of "wattyr" (or 1 watt for 1 year) is a unit of: (a) Power (b) Energy

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U.S. Energy Consumption

Rank from largest to smallest the three major sectors. (3-digits)

A
Industrial

B
Transportation

30%

29%

BUILDINGS Commercial Residential

19%

22%

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U.S. Energy Sources

Rank the following sources for total U.S. energy from largest to Nuclear smallest. (4-digit answer) 9% (a) Hydroelectic (b) Coal or Natural Gas (c) Oil Coal (d) Nuclear
20%

Biomass 4% 3%

Wind Hydro 0.7% Other

0.5%

Oil
37%

Natural Gas
25%

What percent of U.S. energy comes from fossil fuels? (2-digit answer)

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World Energy Consumption per Capita

What countries have very high (red!) per capita energy consumption? (Enter ALL in NUMERIC order)
(1) U.S. (2) Australia (3) Japan (4) Russia (5) Saudi Arabia

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Energy-consumption-per-capita-2003.png

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Types of Energy
Kinetic (KE) = energy of motion of objects

Potential (PE) = energy of position

Thermal = energy of motion of atoms or molecules Electrical = energy of current flowing in a circuit Chemical = energy of atomic and molecular bonds Nuclear = energy from breaking or joining nuclei

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Potential & Kinetic Energy

All PE
As a rock falls, its potential energy PE is converted into kinetic energy KE.
Due to energy conservation, the rocks total PE at the top equals its KE just BEFORE hitting the ground.

Half PE Half KE

All KE
BEFORE hitting (assume PE = 0 at ground height)

What type of energy does the rock have AFTER it hits the ground? (a) kinetic (b) potential (c) neither (converted to thermal energy)

Figure from Giancoli

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Motion on a U-track
Which energy is maximum at the bottom? (a) kinetic (b) potential

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Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy PE is the energy associated with the height of an object from the ground.
PE equals the objects mass m times its height h times its gravitational acceleration g (= 10 m/s2).

PE mgh

If the height of a ball is tripled, then how many times larger is its potential energy?

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Simple Generator (Phet animation)

What is the order of the types of energy starting from the falling water and ending with the lightbulb? (4-digit answer) (a) electrical energy (b) potential energy (gravitational) (c) light energy (d) kinetic energy

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Hydroelectric Dam
Hydropower uses the gravitational potential energy from falling water. Higher head (height difference) and flow rate give higher power. If the height of the dam is doubled, then the energy output is how many times larger? (a) 1.5 times (b) 2 times (c) 4 times

Initial Height

Final Height
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Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy KE is the energy of motion for an object. Kinetic energy equals one-half the objects mass m times its velocity v (or speed) SQUARED.

KE

1 mv2 2

A car at 70 mph has TWICE the kinetic energy than at 50 mph!

If the speed of a car is doubled, then its kinetic energy is four times larger (equals 2 x 2).
If the speed of a car is tripled, then how many times larger is its kinetic energy?

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Speed: Metric and English Units

If a sprinter runs at 10 m/s, then what is her speed in mph?

10 m s

1 mile 1609 m

3600 s 22 miles/hr 1 hr

Quick conversion from m/s to mph: double and THEN add 10% If a car travels at 30 m/s, then how fast is that in mph? Do it in your head!

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Kinetic Energy of Car

If a 1000-kg car travels at 66 mph (or 30 m/s), then find its kinetic energy in kilojoules (kJ).

2 KE 1 m v 2

UNITS: m in kg, v in m/s, KE in J

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Electrical Energy
Today, end-use electrical energy consumption is 13% of total U.S. energy consumption. But more energy is needed to generate electricity because of inefficiencies. It takes about 3 kW of input power to generate 1 kW of electrical power. Approximately what percentage of total U.S. energy is then used to GENERATE end-use electrical energy? (a) 20% (b) 30% (c) 40%
% electrical energy

13%

3%
1950

END-USE Electrical Energy Consumption

2000
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U.S. Energy Sources for Electricity

Wind 1.8% Biomass-Waste 1.8% Biomass-Wood 0.9%

Solar PV 0.02% Geothermal 0.4%

Other 0.4%

Rank the following sources for U.S. electrical energy from largest to smallest. (4-digit answer) (a) Hydroelectric (b) Nuclear or Natural Gas (c) Oil (d) Coal

Hydro
7% Nuclear 20% Coal 45%

Oil 1% Natural Gas

23%

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History of Electricity
Ancient societies knew of electric charge electric eels, rubbing amber caused materials to stick (Greek word for amber = elektron) What attractive force acts between materials rubbed with amber? (a) gravitational (b) electrostatic (c) strong nuclear

William Gilbert (1544-1603) coined term electricity

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History of Electricity
Benjamin Franklin (1752): experiments with electricity/lightning Luigi Galvani made legs of dead frogs move with dissimilar electrodes Alessandro Volta (1791-1800) - built a voltaic pile (early battery) Franklin thought that positive charge flowed in wires. Was he right? (a) yes (b) no Voltaic Pile

Disney's Ben Franklin Video

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Electric Charge
What are the positively charged particles in matter?

What are the negatively charge particles in matter?

What particles flow in wires to create electric current? (3-digit answer)

(1) electrons

(2) neutrons

(3) protons

(4) positrons

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Static Electricity (Phet animation)

If two DIFFERENT materials touch each other, then electrons move from one material to the other because one material gives up electrons easier.

If electrons move between objects, then the objects become oppositely charged and _________ each other. (a) repel (b) attract.

Negative Balloon

+ + +
+

Electrons move from hair to balloon Positive Hair

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Static Electricity (Phet animation)

When Travolta rubs his foot on the carpet, ______ are transferred between the carpet and his body.
When Travolta then touches the door knob, _______ move between his charged body and the grounded door. It can hurt! (1) electrons (2) protons (2-digit answer)

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Light Bulb Circuit (Phet animation)

Electrical current = motion of electrons (units of Amperes or A) Electrical voltage = difference in charge causing current (Volts or V)
In the light bulb circuit, how do the electrons move in the wires? (a) from (+) to () OR (b) from () to (+) battery terminal What is the voltage of a D-cell battery? (a) 1.5 V (b) 6 V

light bulb

wire battery
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Resistor Circuit (Phet animation)

When the battery voltage is increased, the current ________ . When the circuit resistance is increased, the current ________ .

(1) increases

(2) decreases

(2-digit answer)

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Electric Oven to Cook a Turkey

If a 5,000 watt electric oven is on for 10 hours to cook a turkey, how many kilowatt-hours (kW-hrs) of energy is used?

If the power company charges 10 per kWh, then how much did it cost in dollars to cook your turkey?

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