Single-phase half-bridge inverter

Operational Details
Consists of 2 choppers, 3-wire DC source
Transistors switched on and off alternately
Need to isolate the gate signal for Q
1
(upper device)
Each provides opposite polarity of V
s
/2 across the load

3-wire DC source
Q
1
on, Q
2
off, v
o
= V
s
/2
Peak Reverse Voltage of Q
2
= V
s

Q
1
off, Q
2
on, v
o
= -V
s
/2
Waveforms with resistive load
Look at the output voltage
1
2
2 2
0
2
4 2
o
T
s s
o
o
V V
V dt
T
| |
|
= =
|
|
\ .
}
rms value of the output voltage, V
o

Fourier Series of the instantaneous output
voltage
( )
1
0
0
1,3,5,..
cos( ) sin( )
2
, 0
1
sin( ) ( ) sin( ) ( )
2 2
2
1, 3, 5,...
2
sin( )
o
o n n
n
o n
s s
n
s
n
s
o
n
a
v a n t b n t
a a
V V
b n t d t n t d t
V
b n
n
V
v n t
n
t
t
e e
e e e e
t
t
e
t

=
= + +
=
(

= +
(

= =
=

} }

rms value of the fundamental component

1,3,5,..
1
1
2
sin
2 1
2
0.45
s
o
n
s
o
o s
V
v n t
n
V
V
V V
e
t
t

=
=
=
=

When the load is highly inductive

Turn off Q
1
at t = T
o
/2
Current falls to 0 via D
2
, L, V
s
/2 lower
+
V
s
/2
-
+
V
s
/2
-
Turn off Q
2
at t = T
o

Current falls to 0 via D
1
, L, V
s
/2 upper
+
V
s
/2
-
+
V
s
/2
-
Load Current for a highly inductive load
Transistors are only switched on for a quarter-cycle, or 90
Fourier Series of the output current for an
RL load
2 2
1,3,5,...
1
2
sin( )
( )
tan ( )
o o s
o n
n
n
v v V
i n t
Z R jn L
n R n L
n L
R
e u
e
t e
e
u

= = =
+
+
=

Fundamental Output Power

In most cases, the useful power
2
1 1 1 1 1
2
1
2 2
cos
2
2 ( )
o o o o
s
o
P V I I R
V
P R
R L
u
t e
= =
(
= (
+ (

DC Supply Current
If the inverter is lossless, average power
absorbed by the load equals the average
power supplied by the dc source.



For an inductive load, the current is
approximately sinusoidal and the fundamental
component of the output voltage supplies the
power to the load. Also, the dc supply voltage
remains essentially at V
s
.
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T T
s s o o
v t i t dt v t i t dt =
} }
1 1
0 0
1
1
1
( ) 2 sin( ) 2 sin( )
cos( )
T T
s o o s
s
o
s o
s
i t dt V t I t dt I
V
V
I I
V
e e u
u
= =
=
} }
DC Supply Current (continued)
Performance Parameters
Harmonic factor of the nth harmonic (HF
n
)
1
on
n
o
V
HF
V
=
for n>1
V
on
= rms value of the nth harmonic component
V
01
= rms value of the fundamental component
Performance Parameters (continued)
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Measures the closeness in shape between a
waveform and its fundamental component

1
2
2
2,3,...
1
1
( )
on
n
o
THD V
V

=
=

Performance Parameters (continued)
Distortion Factor (DF)
Indicates the amount of HD that remains in a
particular waveform after the harmonics have
been subjected to second-order attenuation.

1
2
2
2
2,3,...
1
2
1
1
on
n
o
on
n
o
V
DF
V n
V
DF
V n

=
(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(

=

for n>1
Performance Parameters (continued)
Lowest order harmonic (LOH)
The harmonic component whose
frequency is closest to the fundamental,
and its amplitude is greater than or equal
to 3% of the amplitude of the fundamental
component.
Single-phase full-bridge inverter
Operational Details
Consists of 4 choppers and a 3-wire DC source
Q
1
-Q
2
and Q
3
-Q
4
switched on and off alternately
Need to isolate the gate signal for Q
1
and Q
3
(upper)
Each pair provide opposite polarity of V
s
across the load

Q
1
-Q
2
on, Q
3
-Q
4
off, v
o
= V
s

+ V
s
-
Q
3
-Q
4
on, Q
1
-Q
2
off, v
o
= -V
s

- V
s
+
When the load is highly inductive
Turn Q
1
-Q
2
off Q
3
-Q
4
off
Turn Q
3
-Q
4
off Q
1
-Q
2
off
Load current for a highly inductive load
Example 6.3 MultiSim7
Q1
1 V 0 V
Q2
1 V 0 V
Q3
1 V 0 V
Q4
1 V 0 V
D1
DIODE_VIRTUAL
D2
DIODE_VIRTUAL
D3
DIODE_VIRTUAL
D4
DIODE_VIRTUAL
R
10 Ohm
L
31.5mH
C
112uF
XFG1
C1
1000uF
C2
1000uF
Example 6.3 using the scope
Vs
220 V
Q1
1 V 0 V
Q2
1 V 0 V
Q3
1 V 0 V
Q4
1 V 0 V
D1
DIODE_VIRTUAL
D2
DIODE_VIRTUAL
D3
DIODE_VIRTUAL
D4
DIODE_VIRTUAL
R
9 Ohm
L
31.5mH
C
112uF
XFG1
C1
1000uF
C2
1000uF
XSC1
A B
G
T
Rs
1 Ohm