Fluid Flow

Pressure, momentum flux and

viscosity.
Viscosity-fluid property that influences the rate of fluid flow under stress.
The viscosity is the ratio between the
shear stress and the velocity gradient
between the plates, or
dy
x dv ) (
q t =
y
How can we attack this problem?

(1) Define viscosity
Newtons Law of Viscosity
q
t
y
v
x
d
d
|

\
|
|
.
Pa
m
s
|

\
|
|
.
m
Pa s
Units of viscosity
Layers of fluid particles with top layer moving
faster than bottom layer
energy
Position
Activation energy
q q
o
exp
act ivat ion_energy
RT
|

\
|
|
.

log q ( ) log q
o
( )
act ivat ion_energy
R
|

\
|
|
.
1
T
+
log q ( ) log q
o
( )

act ivat ion_energy

R
|

\
|
|
.
1
T
+
Momentum transfer
The top plate drags the fluid particles in the top fluid layer, which then drag
the particles in the adjacent lower layer, which then drag the particles in the
next lowest layer, and so onthus giving rise to momentum transfer
Units on shear stress and pressure
Force/area=mass*length/time
2
* 1/area

=mass * length/time * 1/time * 1/area

= mass*velocity * 1/(time * area)

= momentum/(time*area)

= momentum flux
Forces balance at steady state (equilibrium)

Rate of momentum in =rate of momentum out at steady state.
A momentum flux (or stress) multiplied by a cross sectional area is a FORCE!
control volume
y
x
z
2. Determine velocity profile. If flow is fully developed, the fluid velocity only depends on y.
Papplied
Patm
x
x Ax +
y
y Ay +
V(x)
y
t
yx
q
y
v x ( )
d
d

0
t
yx
y
t
yx
y Ay +

|
\
|
.
AxAz P
x
P
x Ax +
+
( )
AyAz +

0
-
High Pressure Low Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure varies with x while
shear stress varies with y! We only have to
consider the shear stress acting normal to
the xz plane and the hydrostatic pressure
component acting normal to the yz plane.
t
yx
y
t
yx
y Ay +

|
\
|
.
AxAz P
x
P
x Ax +
+
( )
AyAz +

0
t
yx
y
t
yx
y Ay +

|
\
|
.
Ay
P
x
P
x Ax +
+
( )
Ax
+

(
(
(

0
y
t
yx
d
d
|

\
|
|
.

x
P
d
d
Velocity can only depend on y
Function of x unless
P=constant or P linear with
x.
y
t
yx
d
d
AP
L
y
y
t
yx
d
d
(
(
(
]
d y
AP
L
(
(
(
]
d
t
yx
AP
L
y C +
-
-
C is the integration constant from indefinite integration
C=0
t
yx
q
y
v x ( )
d
d

AP
L
y
y q
y
v x ( )
d
d

(
(
(
]
d y
AP
L
y
(
(
(
]
d
v x ( )
AP
2L q
y
2
C
1
+
C
1
AP
2L q
o
2

v x ( )
AP
2L q
o
2
y
2

( )

If the velocity is a local maximum at y=0 (center in between plates),

then