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PETE 320

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Lesson 2
Rheology of Drilling and Completion Fluids

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PETE 320

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Rheology of Drilling and Completion Fluids

Functions of Drilling/Completion Fluids Fluid Types, Fluid Models Introduction to Rotary Viscometer Other Testing Equipment Objectives of Monitoring Fluids
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Rheology of Drilling and Completion Fluids

Read: MI Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 5 Watch: Multimedia program 3 & 4

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Functions of Drilling/Completion Fluids

1. 2. 3. 4. Remove cuttings from the well. Control formation pressures. Suspend and release cuttings. Seal permeable formations.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Functions of Drilling/Completion Fluids

5. Maintain wellbore stability. 6. Minimize reservoir damage. 7. Cool, lubricate, and support the bit and drilling assembly. 8. Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Functions of Drilling/Completion Fluids

9. Ensure adequate formation evaluation. 10. Control corrosion. 11. Facilitate cementing and completion. 12. Minimize impact on the environment

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Fluid Types,
Water based Oil based Air Mists Foams

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Flow Regimes
Plug Flow
Flat flow profile Velocity at walls is almost the same as in the middle Low velocities, and high viscosities

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Flow Regimes
Laminar flow
Parallel layers of mud flow Bullet shaped flow profile Velocity at the wall is approximately 0 Velocity at the middle is maximum
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Flow Regimes
Laminar Flow Drillstring Annulus

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Flow Regimes
Turbulent flow
Flow pattern is eratic

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

Wellbore

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Flow Regimes
Summary

Turbulent flow
Transition flow Complete Streamline

Incomplete Streamline

Plug flow
No Flow
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Fluid Models
Newtonian Model Bingham Plastic Model Power Law Model

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Rheology
The study of how matter deforms and flows. Primarily concerned with the relationship of shear stress and shear rate and the impact these have on flow characteristics inside tubulars and annular spaces.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Hydraulics
Describes how fluid flow creates and uses pressures.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Rheological Models
In drilling fluids, the flow behavior of the fluid must be described using rheological models and equations before hydraulic equations can be applied.

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Viscosity????
Funnel Viscosity Marsh Funnel Apparent Viscosity Effective Viscosity Plastic Viscosity Yield Point Low-shear viscosity and Low-shear-rate viscosity Gel Strengths
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Funnel Viscosity
Measured in Sec/quart

Marsh Funnel
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Shear Stress & Shear Rate

Shear Stress Force required to sustain the shear rate. Shear Rate Function of the fluid velocity

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Newtonian Model
Shear Stress, t, is proportional to the Shear Rate, g Plot intersects at the origin t = mg m = Viscosity, centipoise = f300 reading
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m t 300 rpm

Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Bingham Plastic Model

Shear Stress, t, is proportional to the Shear Rate, g Plot intersects at the Yield Point (not 0) t = mpg + ty mp = PV ty = YP
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Power Law Model

Shear Stress, t, is proportional to the Shear Rate, g Plot intersects at the origin

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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Which is correct?

PETE 320

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Introduction to Rotary Viscometer

Viscosity, PV, YP, n, K all calculated from viscometer readings

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Viscometer

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Rotational Viscometer

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Other Testing Equipment

Filter Press
Measures filter cake thickness and Fluid Loss

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Other Testing Equipment

pH meters used to measure pH of whole mud, filtrate, and filter cake Retorts used to determine oil content, etc. Test for sand content Test for clay content

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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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PETE 320

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Objectives of Monitoring Fluids

Identify potential hole problems and to identify their causes
could be poor hole cleaning hole erosion formation damage sensitive formations pressure control problems
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering

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