Musical Expectancy

Definition of expectancy Expectancy refers to the idea that an antecedent event, or set of events, implies or anticipates a subsequent event or set of events In music, this means that a given musical event or passage implies or anticipates an upcoming musical event or passage Impact of expectancy formation/realization Relation between expectancy formation and the apprehension of musical emotion and meaning Impact of expectancy formation on perceptual and cognitive processing of music

Musical Expectancy
Basic expectation

Musical Expectancy
Questions about the process of expectancy generation and realization

The factors underlying the formation of

musical expectations. What processes give rise to the formation of expectancies, and influence the content of these expectations

The subsequent implications of

expectancy realization on musical processing, including basic responses to music, guiding of attention, memory for music, and so on.

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

The Expectancy Region (Jones, 1976)

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Gestalt principles Melodic processes (Meyer, 1973)

Gap-Fill Pattern

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Linear Pattern

Expected Note:

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

The 1st eight measures of Schumanns Du Ring An Meinen Finger, Op. 42 Schmuckler (1989)

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Schmuckler (1989) Probe Position 1:

Context:

Trial 1: Continuation Tone Trial 2: Continuation Tone

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Schmuckler (1989)

Probe Position 2: Context:

Possible Continuation Tones:

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Schmuckler (1989) Beta weights for tonal structure, melodic contour, and melodic process

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

The Implication-Realization Model (Narmour, 1990, 1992)

Registral Direction small intervals imply melodic continuation in the same direction, whereas large intervals imply a reversal of direction
Intervallic difference small intervals imply similarly sized intervals whereas large intervals imply smaller intervals Registral Return refers to cases in which the second tone of a realized interval reverse pitch direction, thus producing approximate symmetry in patterns

Proximity there is a general preference for small realized intervals

Closure closure occurs when a melody changes direction or when a relatively smaller realized interval follows a larger implicative interval

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Quantification of Narmours ImplicationRealization Model

Schellenberg (1996)

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Simplification of Narmours ImplicationRealization Model

Schellenberg (1997)

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Harmonic expectancies Schmuckler (1989) Predictions based on Pistons (1978) Table of Usual Root Progressions

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Harmonic expectancies Schmuckler (1989) Comparisons of harmonic expectancy ratings

The Formation of Musical Expectancies

Combined (melodic and harmonic) expectancies Schmuckler (1989) Beta weights for melodic and harmonic factors

The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

The Harmonic Priming Paradigm Bharucha & Stoeckig (1986, 1987) Related Context:

Unrelated Context:

The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

Processing of harmonically related and unrelated chords Bharucha & Stoeckig (1986)

The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

Harmonic context and phoneme monitoring

Bigand, Tillman, Poulin, DAdamo & Madurell (2001)

The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

Harmonic context and phoneme monitoring

Bigand, Tillman, Poulin, DAdamo & Madurell (2001)

The Consequences of Musical Expectancies

Expectancy and memory

Schmuckler (1997)