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not. Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments Will hum about mine ears, and sometime voices That, if I then had waked after long sleep, Will make me sleep again: and then, in dreaming, The clouds methought would open and show riches Ready to drop upon me that, when I waked, I cried to dream again. CALIBAN, The Tempest, III, ii
Imagery
What is darker, the red of an apple or a strawberry? What is the color of envy? What is directly below the window of your bedroom? What angle do the hands of a clock make at 9:00 pm? How may degrees does the minute hand of a clock travel between 6:00 pm and 6:30 pm? What city is more West, San Diego or Las Vegas
Imagery
Imagery simulates perception Imagery incorporates language based knowledge Imagery incorporates heuristics or best guesses
Introspectionists
Equipped with stopwatches and fountain pens, tried to time how it takes for an image to come to consciousness. Argued if one could think about a thing without conjuring its image If memories using imagery lasted longer than those that did not.
Imagery was treated as one homogeneous ability in a host of complex processes from chess games (Cleveland, 1907) to helping children learn to read (Hill, 1918).
Imagery Demo
Are these balloons identical?
Imagery Demo
Are these balloons identical?
Imagery
Roger Shepard and the Isomers
The object below is an isomer
Imagery Theories
Dual Coding Hypothesis
There are two codes in the brain, one verbal and one visual based
Propositional Theory
The visual and verbal symbols are propositions
DEMO TIME!
Picture you are dot on the letter F Imagine traveling along the pathway You are going to be asked to imagine traveling along the pathway and stating whether the corner you reached is on the top or the bottom
Start
Demo Time!
Please memorize the following sentence
Demo Time
Please read through the words in this box out-loud Please point to each YES in order
Yes No Yes No
Yes
No
Yes No No
Yes
No
Yes
Start
13.8 sec.
9.8 sec.
For letter task, RT was slower when pointing. For the sentence task, RT was slower for the verbal response. This provides evidence for two types of codes being used.
Propositional Theory
Do not store in form of images Instead have a generic code that is called propositional
To imagine a ball on top of a box would require a string statement: ON (BALL, BOX)
Stores the meaning of the concept Create a verbal or visual code by transforming the propositional code
Figure 1. Degradation in visual fill due to homonymous hemianopia, the surgical removal of a portion of the visual cortex. Patients report that the size of the visual image experienced decreases in proportion to the
Did you see the goose? Did you see the sparrow?
Show a clock they can see Show a digital time they have to imagine as a clock
Be Here Now
Please draw a map that shows the cities of L.A., San Francisco and Reno, NV.
Be Here Now
Please Draw a map of the world.
Sports Visualization
Sports Imagery
Three purposes
Skill Strategic Motivational
Sports Imagery
Initial learning Hypothesis
Mental practice should have its greatest impact at the initial verbal-motor stage of learning
Psychoneuromuscular Hypothesis
The muscles fire at a low grade level of the same pattern during the mental practice as the physical practice.
Attentional Hypothesis
mental practice can aid ignoring distracters and prime attention on important cues and at important junctions in performance.
Sports Imagery
The same imagery task will be used differently by athletes of different levels. Visualizing yourself practicing a skill will be
motivational when you are a novice Skill-building as an intermediate Strategy-building or attentional as an expert