2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte LTD

Applied Fluid Mechanics
1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid . Pressure Measure!ent ". Forces #ue to Static Fluid 5. $uoyancy and Sta%ility &. Flo' of Fluid and $ernoulli(s E)uation *. +eneral Ener,y E)uation -. .eynolds Nu!%er/ La!inar Flo'/ Tur%ulent Flo' and Ener,y Losses #ue to Friction
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
0. Velocity Profiles for 1ircular Sections and Flo' in Noncircular Sections 10.Minor Losses 11.Series Pi2eline Syste!s 12.Parallel Pi2eline Syste!s 1 .Pu!2 Selection and A22lication 1".32en41hannel Flo' 15.Flo' Measure!ent 1&.Forces #ue to Fluids in Motion
1*.#ra, and Lift 1-.Fans/ $lo'ers/ 1o!2ressors and the Flo' of +ases 10.Flo' of Air in #ucts
13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Objectives
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
List the 2ara!eters in6ol6ed in 2u!2 selection. List the ty2es of infor!ation that !ust %e s2ecified for a ,i6en 2u!2. #escri%e the %asic 2u!2 classifications. List four ty2es of rotary 2ositi6e4dis2lace!ent 2u!2s. List three ty2es of reci2rocatin, 2ositi6e4 dis2lace!ent 2u!2s. List three ty2es of 7inetic 2u!2s. #escri%e the !ain features of centrifu,al 2u!2s. #escri%e deep-well jet pumps and shallow-well jet pumps.
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#escri%e the ty2ical 2erfor!ance cur6e for rotary 2ositi6e4dis2lace!ent 2u!2s. #escri%e the ty2ical 2erfor!ance cur6e for centrifu,al 2u!2s. State the affinity laws for centrifu,al 2u!2s as they relate to the relationshi2s a!on, s2eed/ i!2eller dia!eter/ ca2acity/ total head ca2a%ility/ and 2o'er re)uired to dri6e the 2u!2. #escri%e ho' the o2eratin, 2oint of a 2u!2 is related to the syste! resistancecur6e. #efine the net positive suction head (NPSH) for a 2u!2 and discuss its si,nificancein 2u!2 2erfor!ance.
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#escri%e the i!2ortance of the 6a2or 2ressure of the fluid in relation to the NPSH. 1o!2ute the NPSH a6aila%le for a ,i6en suction line desi,n and a ,i6en fluid. #efine the specific speed for a centrifu,al 2u!2 and discuss its relationshi2 to 2u!2 selection. #escri%e the effect of increased 6iscosity on the 2erfor!ance of centrifu,al 2u!2s. #escri%e the 2erfor!ance of 2arallel 2u!2s and 2u!2s connected in series. #escri%e the features of a desira%le suction line desi,n.
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#escri%e the features of a desira%le dischar,e line desi,n. #escri%e the conce2t of life cycle cost a22lied to 2u!2 selection and o2eration of the fluid flo' syste!.
13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Outline
1. 2. . ". 5. &. *. -. 0.
8ntroductory 1once2ts Para!eters 8n6ol6ed 8n Pu!2 Selection Ty2es of Pu!2s Positi6e4#is2lace!ent Pu!2s 9inetic Pu!2s Perfor!ance #ata For 1entrifu,al Pu!2s Affinity La's For 1entrifu,al Pu!2s Manufacturers: #ata For 1entrifu,al Pu!2s The 32eratin, Point of a Pu!2 and Pu!2 Selection
13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Outline
10. 11. 12. 1 . 1". 15. 1&. 1*.
Net Positi6e Suction ;ead Suction Line #etails #ischar,e Line #etails Pi2in, Syste! #esi,n and Pu!2 Selection Procedure Alternate Syste! 32eratin, Modes Pu!2 Selection and S2ecific S2eed Life 1ycle 1osts for Pu!2ed Fluid Syste!s Soft'are for Pi2in, Syste! #esi,n and Pu!2 Selection
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1 Introductory Concepts
5 8n 1ha2ter */ 'hen the ,eneral ener,y e)uation 'as introduced you learned ho' to deter!ine the ener,y added %y a 2u!2 to the fluid as follo'/
5 <e 'ill call ha the total head on the pump. 5 So!e 2u!2 !anufacturers refer to this as the total dynamic head =TDH>.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1 Introductory Concepts
5 ?ou also learned ho' to co!2ute the 2o'er deli6ered to the fluid %y the 2u!2/
5 ?ou also learned in 1ha2ter * to use the efficiency of the 2u!2 to deter!ine the 2o'er in2ut to the 2u!2@
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.2 Parameters Involved In Pump selection
5 1. 2. . ". 5.
<hen selectin, a 2u!2 for a 2articular a22lication/ the follo'in, factors !ust %e considered@ The nature of the li)uid to %e 2u!2ed The re)uired ca2acity =6olu!e flo' rate> The conditions on the suction =inlet> side of the 2u!2 The conditions on the dischar,e =outlet> side of the 2u!2 The total head on the 2u!2 =the ter! fro! the ener,y e)uation>
&. The ty2e of syste! to 'hich the 2u!2 is deli6erin, the fluid *. The ty2e of 2o'er source =electric !otor/ diesel en,ine/ stea! tur%ine/ etc.> -. S2ace/ 'ei,ht/ and 2osition li!itations 0. En6iron!ental conditions 10. 1ost of 2u!2 2urchase and installation 11. 1ost of 2u!2 o2eration 12. +o6ernin, codes and standards
5 1. 2. . ". 5.
After 2u!2 selection/ the follo'in, ite!s !ust %e s2ecified@ Ty2e of 2u!2 and !anufacturer SiAe of 2u!2 SiAe of suction connection and ty2e =flan,ed/ scre'ed/ etc.> SiAe and ty2e of dischar,e connection S2eed of o2eration
&. S2ecifications for dri6er =for eBa!2le@ for an electric !otorC2o'er re)uired/s2eed/ 6olta,e/ 2hase/ fre)uency/ fra!e siAe/ enclosure ty2e> *. 1ou2lin, ty2e/ !anufacturer/ and !odel nu!%er -. Mountin, details 0. S2ecial !aterials and accessories re)uired/ if any 10. Shaft seal desi,n and seal !aterials
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.3 Types o Pumps
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Pu!2s are ty2ically classified as either 2ositi6e4 dis2lace!ent or 7inetic 2u!2s. Ta%le 1 .1 lists se6eral 7inds of each.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.! Positive"#isplacement Pumps
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Positi6e4dis2lace!ent 2u!2s ideally deli6er a fiBed )uantity of fluid 'ith each re6olution of the 2u!2 rotor or dri6e shaft. Most 2ositi6e4dis2lace!ent 2u!2s can handle li)uids o6er a 'ide ran,e of 6iscosities. So!e of the eBa!2les are ,ear/ 2iston/ 6ane/ scre'/ 2ro,ressi6e ca6ity/ lo%e/ 2iston/ dia2hra,! and 2eristaltic 2u!2s.
Fi, 1 .1 sho's a 6ane 2u!2.
Fi, 1 .2 sho's a scre' 2u!2.
Fi, 1 . sho's a 2ro,ressin, ca6ity 2u!2.
Fi, 1 ." sho's a 2ro,ressin, lo%e 2u!2.
Fi, 1 .5 sho's a 2iston 2u!2s for fluid transfer.
Fi, 1 .& sho's a 2eristaltic 2u!2.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.!.1 Per ormance #ata or Positive"#isplacement Pumps
The o2eratin, characteristics of 2ositi6e4 dis2lace!ent 2u!2s !a7e the! useful for handlin, such fluids as 'ater/ hydraulic oils in fluid 2o'er syste!s. So!e disad6anta,es of so!e desi,ns include 2ulsatin, out2ut/ susce2ti%ility to da!a,e %y solids and a%rasi6es/ and need for a relief 6al6e.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.!.2 $eciprocatin% Pump Per ormance
8n its si!2lest for!/ the reci2rocatin, 2u!2 =Fi,. 1 .5> e!2loys a 2iston that dra's fluid into a cylinder throu,h an inta7e 6al6e as the 2iston dra's a'ay fro! the 6al6e. Then/ as the 2iston !o6es for'ard/ the inta7e 6al6e closes and the fluid is 2ushed out throu,h the dischar,e 6al6e. Such a 2u!2 is called simplex/ and its cur6e of dischar,e 6ersus ti!e loo7s li7e that sho'n in Fi,. 1 .-=a>.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.!.2 $eciprocatin% Pump Per ormance
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.!.3 $otary Pump Per ormance
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Fi,ure 1 .0 sho's a ty2ical set of 2erfor!ance cur6es for rotary 2u!2s such as ,ear/ 6ane/ scre'/ and lo%e 2u!2s. 8t is a 2lot of ca2acity/ efficiency/ and 2o'er 6ersus dischar,e 2ressure. As 2ressure is increased/ a sli,ht decrease in ca2acity occurs due to internal lea7a,e fro! the hi,h42ressure side to the lo'42ressure side. Volumet ic efficiency is a !easure of the ratio of the 6olu!e flo' rate deli6ered %y the 2u!2 to the theoretical deli6ery/ %ased on the dis2lace!ent 2er re6olution of the 2u!2/ ti!es the s2eed of rotation.
13. Pump Selection and Applications
13.!.3 $otary Pump Per ormance
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.& 'inetic Pump
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!inetic pumps add ener,y to the fluid %y acceleratin, it throu,h the action of a rotatin, impelle . Fi,ure 1 .10 sho's the %asic confi,uration of a radial flo' centrifu,al 2u!2/ the !ost co!!on ty2e of 7inetic 2u!2. Fi,ure 1 .11 sho's the %asic desi,n of radial/ aBial/ and !iBed4flo' i!2ellers. The 2ro2eller ty2e of 2u!2 =aBial flo'> de2ends on the hydrodyna!ic action of the 2ro2eller %lades to lift and accelerate the fluid aBially/ alon, a 2ath 2arallel to the aBis of the 2ro2eller.
5 1. 2. . ". 5. &.
EBa!2les of 7inetic 2u!2s are@ Det Pu!2s Su%!ersi%le Pu!2s S!all 1entrifu,al Pu!2s Self42ri!in, Pu!2s Vertical Tur%ine Pu!2s 1entrifu,al +rinder Pu!2s
Fi, 1 .12 sho's the dee24'ell Eet 2u!2.
Fi, 1 .1 sho's the shallo'4'ell Eet 2u!2.
Fi, 1 .1 sho's the shallo'4'ell Eet 2u!2.
Fi, 1 .1" sho's the 2orta%le su%!ersi%le 2u!2.
Fi, 1 .15 sho's the s!all centrifu,al 2u!2 'ith inte,ral !otor.
Fi, 1 .1& sho's the self42ri!in, 2u!2. =1> Suction inlet casin,/ =2> i!2eller/ = > !echanical shaft seal/ ="> shaft.
Fi, 1 .1* sho's the 6ertical tur%ine 2u!2.
Fi, 1 .1- sho's the centrifu,al ,rinder 2u!2.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.( Per ormance #ata or Centri u%al Pumps
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$ecause centrifu,al 2u!2s are not 2ositi6e4 dis2lace!ent ty2es/ there is a stron, de2endency %et'een ca2acity and the 2ressure that !ust %e de6elo2ed %y the 2u!2. This !a7es their 2erfor!ance ratin,s so!e'hat !ore co!2leB. The ty2ical ratin, cur6e 2lots the total head on the 2u!2 6ersus the ca2acity or dischar,e "/ as sho'n in Fi,. 1 .10.
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Efficiency and 2o'er re)uired are also i!2ortant to the successful o2eration of a 2u!2. Fi,ure 1 .20 sho's a !ore co!2lete 2erfor!ance ratin, of a 2u!2/ su2eri!2osin, head/ efficiency/ and 2o'er cur6es and 2lottin, all three 6ersus ca2acity.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.) A inity *a+s or Centri u%al Pumps
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8t is i!2ortant to understand the !anner in 'hich ca2acity/ head/ and 2o'er 6ary 'hen either s2eed or i!2eller dia!eter is 6aried. These relationshi2s/ called affinity laws/ are listed here. The sy!%ol N refers to the rotational s2eed of the i!2eller/ usually in re6olutions 2er !inute =rF!in/ or r2!>.
<hen speed va ies@ 1. 1a2acity 6aries directly 'ith s2eed@
2. The total head ca2a%ility 6aries 'ith the s)uare of the s2eed@
. The 2o'er re)uired %y the 2u!2 6aries 'ith the cu%e of the s2eed@
<hen impelle va ies@ 1. 1a2acity 6aries directly 'ith i!2eller dia!eter@
2. The total head 6aries 'ith the s)uare of the i!2eller dia!eter@
. The 2o'er re)uired %y the 2u!2 6aries 'ith the cu%e of the i!2eller dia!eter@
Efficiency re!ains nearly constant for s2eed chan,es and for s!all chan,es in i!2eller dia!eter.
13. Pump Selection and Applications ,-ample 13.1
Assu!e that the 2u!2 for 'hich the 2erfor!ance data are 2lotted in Fi,. 1 .20 'as o2eratin, at a rotational s2eed of 1*50 r2! and that the i!2eller dia!eter 'as 0 !!. First deter!ine the head that 'ould result in a ca2acity of 5&*0 LF!in =1500 ,alF!in> and the 2o'er re)uired to dri6e the 2u!2. Then/ co!2ute the 2erfor!ance at a s2eed of 1250 r2!. Fro! Fi,. 1 .20/ 2roEectin, u2'ard fro! "1G5&*0 LF!in =1500 ,alF!in> ,i6es
<hen the s2eed is chan,ed to 1250 r2!/ the ne' 2erfor!ance can %e co!2uted %y usin, the affinity la's@
Note the si,nificant decrease in the 2o'er re)uired to run the 2u!2. 8f the ca2acity and the a6aila%le head are ade)uate/ lar,e sa6in,s in ener,y costs can %e o%tained %y 6aryin, the s2eed of o2eration of a 2u!2.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.. /anu acturers0 #ata or Centri u%al Pumps
Fi,ure 1 .21 sho's a co!2osite ratin, chart for one line of 2u!2s/ 'hich allo's the )uic7 deter!ination of the 2u!2 siAe.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13...1 , ect o Impeller Si1e
Fi,ure 1 .22 sho's ho' the 2erfor!ance of a ,i6en 2u!2 6aries as the siAe of the i!2eller 6aries.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13...2 , ect o Speed
Fi,ure 1 .2 sho's the 2erfor!ance of the sa!e 2u!2 o2eratin, at 1*50 r2! =a standard four42ole !otor s2eed> instead of 500 r2!.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13...3 Po+er $e2uired
Fi,ure 1 .2" is the sa!e as Fi,. 1 .22/ eBce2t that the cur6es sho'in, the 2o'er re)uired to dri6e the 2u!2 ha6e %een added.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13...! , iciency
Fi,ure 1 .25 is the sa!e as Fi,. 1 .22/ eBce2t that cur6es of constant efficiency ha6e %een added.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13...& 3et Positive Suction 4ead $e2uired
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Net 2ositi6e suction head re)uired =NPSH#> is an i!2ortant factor to consider in a22lyin, a 2u!2. NPSH# is related to the 2ressure at the inlet to the 2u!2. Fi, 1 .2& sho's the illustration of 2u!2 2erfor!ance for different i!2eller dia!eters 'ith net 2ositi6e suction head re)uired.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13...& 3et Positive Suction 4ead $e2uired
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13...( Composite Per ormance Chart
Fi,ure 1 .2* 2uts all these data to,ether on one chart so the user can see all i!2ortant 2ara!eters at the sa!e ti!e.
A centrifu,al 2u!2 !ust deli6er at least 0"5 LF!in of 'ater at a total head of 01 ! = 00 ft> of 'ater. S2ecify a suita%le 2u!2. List its 2erfor!ance characteristics.
3ne 2ossi%le solution can %e found fro! Fi,. 1 .2*. The 2u!2 'ith a 0.2 ! =04in> i!2eller 'ill deli6er a22roBi!ately 10"0 LF!in =2*5 ,alF!in> at 01 ! = 00 ft> of head. At this o2eratin, 2oint/ the efficiency 'ould %e 5* 2ercent/ near the !aBi!u! for this ty2e of 2u!2. A22roBi!ately 2- 7< = * h2> 'ould %e re)uired. The NPSH# at the suction inlet to the 2u!2 is a22roBi!ately 2.- ! =0.2 ft> of 'ater.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13...) Additional Per ormance Chart
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Fi,ures 1 .2-H1 . sho' the co!2osite 2erfor!ance charts for siB other !ediu!4siAed centrifu,al 2u!2s. Fi,ures 1 . " and 1 . 5 sho' t'o additional 2erfor!ance cur6es for s!aller centrifu,al 2u!2s. $ecause these 2u!2s are ,enerally offered 'ith only one i!2eller siAe/ the !anner of dis2layin, the 2erfor!ance 2ara!eters is so!e'hat different.
Fi,ure 1 .2- sho's the 2erfor!ance for a 1.5 B / & centrifu,al 2u!2 at 1*50 r2!.
Fi,ure 1 .20 sho's the 2erfor!ance for a 10 centrifu,al 2u!2 at 1*50 r2!.
B "/
Fi,ure 1 . 0 sho's the 2erfor!ance for a 1 centrifu,al 2u!2 at 1*50 r2!.
B "/
Fi,ure 1 . 1 sho's the 2erfor!ance for a & B -/ 1* centrifu,al 2u!2 at 1*-0 r2!.
Fi,ure 1 . 2 sho's the 2erfor!ance for a 2 B / - centrifu,al 2u!2 at 5&0 r2!.
Fi,ure 1 . sho's the 2erfor!ance for a 1.5 B / 1 centrifu,al 2u!2 at 5&0 r2!.
Fi,ure 1 . " sho's the Model TE45.5 centrifu,al 2u!2.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.5 The Operatin% Point o a Pump and Pump Selection
The o2eratin, 2oint of a 2u!2 is defined as the 6olu!e flo' rate it 'ill deli6er 'hen installed in a ,i6en syste!. The total head de6elo2ed %y the 2u!2 is deter!ined %y the syste! resistance corres2ondin, to the sa!e 6olu!e flo' rate. Fi,ure 1 . & illustrates the conce2t.
The 2u!2 is holdin, the fluid at the ele6ation of the destination 2oint in the syste! and !aintainin, the fluid 2ressure at that 2oint. This 2oint is called the total static head / 'here
This e)uation/ deri6ed fro! the ener,y e)uation/ says that the 2u!2 !ust de6elo2 a head e)ual to the 2ressure head difference %et'een the t'o reference 2oints 2lus the ele6ation head difference %efore any flo' is deli6ered.
As the flo' increases 'ith its corres2ondin, increase in total head/ the syste! cur6e e6entually intersects the 2u!2 ratin, cur6e. Where the system curve and the pump rating curve intersect is the true operating point of the pump in this system.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.16 3et Positive Suction 4ead
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An i!2ortant 2art of the 2u!2 selection 2rocess is to ensure that the condition of the fluid enterin, the 2u!2 is suita%le to !aintain full li)uid flo'. The 2ri!ary factor is the fluid 2ressure at the 2u!2 inlet/ ty2ically called the suction 2ort. The desi,n of the suction 2i2in, syste! !ust 2ro6ide a sufficiently hi,h 2ressure that 'ill a6oid the de6elo2!ent of 6a2or %u%%les 'ithin the flo'in, fluid/ a condition called cavitation$
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.16.1 Cavitations
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At the suction inlet of a 2u!2/ if the 2u!2 !ust 2ull fluid fro! %elo' or if there are eBcessi6e ener,y losses in the suction line/ the 2ressure at the 2u!2 !ay %e sufficiently lo' to cause 6a2or %u%%les to for! in the fluid. <hen ca6itation occurs/ the 2erfor!ance of the 2u!2 is se6erely de,raded as the 6olu!e flo' rate deli6ered dro2s. The 2u!2 %eco!es noisy/ ,i6in, off a loud/ rattlin, sound as if ,ra6el 'as flo'in, 'ith the fluid. 8f this 'as allo'ed to continue/ the 2u!2 'ould %e destroyed in a short ti!e.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.16.2 7apor Pressure
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The fluid 2ro2erty that deter!ines the conditions under 'hich 6a2or %u%%les for! in a fluid is its vapo p essu e pvp ty2ically re2orted as an a%solute 2ressure in the units of 7Pa a%solute or 2sia. The 2ressure of the li)uid at this condition is called the 6a2or 2ressure. A li)uid is called volatile if it has a relati6ely hi,h 6a2or 2ressure and 6a2oriAes ra2idly at a!%ient conditions. Ta%le 1 .2 sho's the 6a2or 2ressure and 6a2or 2ressure head of 'ater.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.16.2 7apor Pressure
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.16.3 3PS4
Pu!2 !anufacturers test each 2u!2 desi,n to deter!ine the le6el of suction 2ressure re)uired to a6oid ca6itation/ re2ortin, the result as the net positive suction head e%ui ed& NPSH#& for the 2u!2 at each o2eratin, condition of ca2acity =6olu!e flo' rate> and total head on the 2u!2. <e can define the NPSH ma 'in ( to %e
8n desi,n 2ro%le!s in this %oo7/ 'e call for a !ini!u! of 10I !ar,in. That
Fi, 1 . * sho's the 6a2or 2ressure 6ersus te!2erature for co!!on li)uids. The data for ,asoline are a22roBi!ate %ecause there are !any different for!ulations that ha6e 'idely 6aryin, 6olatility for 6ehicle o2eration in different cli!ates and altitudes.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.16.! Computin% 3PS4A
The 6alue of NPSH) is de2endent on the 6a2or 2ressure of the fluid %ein, 2u!2ed/ ener,y losses in the suction 2i2in,/ the location of the fluid reser6oir/ and the 2ressure a22lied to the fluid in the reser6oir. This can %e eB2ressed as
Fi, 1 . - sho's the 2u!2 suction4line details and definitions of ter!s for co!2utin, NPSH.
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Fi,ure 1 . -=a> includes a 2ressuriAed reser6oir 2laced a%o6e the 2u!2. Part =%> sho's the 2u!2 dra'in, fluid fro! an o2en reser6oir %elo' the 2u!2.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.16.& , ect o Pump Speed on 3PS4
The data ,i6en in 2u!2 catalo,s for NPSH are for 'ater and a22ly only to the listed o2eratin, s2eed. 8f the 2u!2 is o2erated at a different s2eed/ the NPSH re)uired at the ne' s2eed can %e calculated fro!
'here the su%scri2t 1 refers to catalo, data and the su%scri2t 2 refers to conditions at the ne' o2eratin, s2eed. The 2u!2 s2eed in r2! is N.
#eter!ine the a6aila%le NPSH for the syste! sho'n in Fi,. 1 . -=a>. The fluid reser6oir is a closed tan7 'ith a 2ressure of 420 7Pa a%o6e 'ater at *0J1. The at!os2heric 2ressure is 100.5 7Pa. The 'ater le6el in the tan7 is 2.5 ! a%o6e the 2u!2 inlet. The 2i2e is a 1.54in Schedule "0 steel 2i2e 'ith a total len,th of 12.0 !. The el%o' is standard and the 6al6e is a fully o2en ,lo%e 6al6e. The flo' rate is 05 LF!in.
Ksin, E). =1 H1">/
$ut 'e 7no' that
No'/ %ased on the ele6ation of the tan7/ 'e ha6e
To find the friction loss / 'e !ust find the 6elocity/ .eynolds nu!%er/ and friction factor@
Thus/ fro! Fi,. -.&/ f G 0.0225. Fro! Ta%le 10.5/ fT G 0.021. No' 'e ha6e
The 6elocity head is Then/ the friction loss is
Finally/ fro! Ta%le 1 .2 'e ,et
1o!%inin, these ter!s ,i6es <e can co!2ute the !aBi!u! allo'a%le NPS; . for the 2u!2 fro! E). =1 H1 >/
Thus
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.11 Suction *ine #etails
5 5
The suction line refers to all 2arts of the flo' syste! fro! the source of the fluid to the inlet of the 2u!2. Fi,ure 1 . - sho's t'o !ethods of 2ro6idin, fluid to a 2u!2. 8n 2art =a>/ a 2ositi6e head is created %y 2lacin, the 2u!2 %elo' the su22ly reser6oir. This is an aid in ensurin, a satisfactory NPSH. 8n addition/ the 2u!2 'ill al'ays %e 2ri!ed 'ith a colu!n of li)uid at start4u2. 8n Fi,. 1 . -=%>/ a suction lift condition occurs %ecause the 2u!2 !ust dra' li)uid fro! %elo'.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.11 Suction *ine #etails
So!e of these 2ractical considerations include the cost of 2i2e/ 6al6es/ and fittin,sL the 2hysical s2ace a6aila%le to acco!!odate these ele!entsL and the attach!ent of the suction 2i2e to the suction connection of the 2u!2.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.12 #ischar%e *ine #etails
5 5 5 5 5
8n ,eneral/ the dischar,e line should %e as short and direct as 2ossi%le to !ini!iAe the head on the 2u!2. El%o's should %e of the standard or lon,4radius ty2e if 2ossi%le. Pi2e siAe should %e chosen accordin, to 6elocity or allo'a%le friction losses. As sho'n in Fi,. 1 . 0/ other ele!ents !ay %e added to the dischar,e line as re)uired. A 2ressure relief 6al6e 'ill 2rotect the 2u!2 and other e)ui2!ent in case of a %loc7a,e of the flo' or accidental shut4off of a 6al6e.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.13 Pipin% System #esi%n and Pump Selection 5 $elo' are the 2i2in, syste! desi,n 2rocedure@ 1. 3%tain s2ecifications for the syste! includin, the fluid to %e 2u!2ed/ desi,n 6alue of the 6olu!e flo' rate re)uired/ location of the fluid source reser6oir/ location of the destination 2oint/ and any 2rescri%ed ele6ations and 2ressures/ 2articularly at the source and the destination. 2. #eter!ine the fluid 2ro2erties includin, te!2erature/ s2ecific 'ei,ht/ 7ine!atic 6iscosity/ and 6a2or 2ressure. . +enerate a 2ro2osed 2i2in, layout includin, the 2lace 'here fluid 'ill %e dra'n fro! the source reser6oir/ the 2lace!ent of the 2u!2/ and suction and dischar,e line details 'ith a22ro2riate 6al6es/ fittin,s/ and s2ecial accessories or e)ui2!ent. 1onsider connections to reser6oirs/ needs to shut off or control fluid flo' rate/ 2re6ention of undesira%le %ac7 flo'/ and ser6ice of the 2u!2 and other e)ui2!ent in the syste!.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.13 Pipin% System #esi%n and Pump Selection
". #eter!ine the len,ths of 2i2e in the suction and dischar,e lines. 5. S2ecify the 2i2e siAes for the suction and dischar,e lines usin, Section &.5 and Fi,. &.2 in 1ha2ter & as a ,uide. &. AnalyAe the syste! 2erfor!ance at the desi,n flo' rate to deter!ine the total dyna!ic head usin, E). =1 H1>. The s2readsheet descri%ed in Section 11." can %e used. *. E6aluate the total static head fro! E). =1 H11>.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.13 Pipin% System #esi%n and Pump Selection -. Select a suita%le 2u!2 that can deli6er at least the desi,n flo' rate a,ainst the total dyna!ic head at that flo' rate/ considerin, the follo'in,@ a> Kse Fi,s. 1 .2*H1 . 5/ 8nternet sources/ 6endor catalo,s/ or soft'are such as Pu!2$ase su22lied 'ith this %oo7. %> See7 a 2u!2 'ith hi,h efficiency at the desi,n 2oint and one for 'hich the o2eratin, 2oint is near the *est efficiency point =+,P> for the 2u!2. c> Standards set Eointly %y the A!erican National Standards 8nstitute =ANS8> and the ;ydraulic 8nstitute =;8> call for a p efe ed ope atin' e'ion =P-#> for centrifu,al 2u!2s to %e %et'een *0 2ercent and 120 2ercent of the +,P. See Standard ANS8F;8 0.&. 4100*/ Standa d fo .ent ifu'al and Ve tical Pumps fo )llowa*le -pe atin' #e'ion$ d> S2ecify the !odel desi,nation/ s2eed/ i!2eller siAe/ and the siAes for the suction and dischar,e 2orts.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.13 Pipin% System #esi%n and Pump Selection 0. #eter!ine 2oints on the syste! cur6e %y analyAin, the total head corres2ondin, to a ran,e of flo' rates. The s2readsheet descri%ed in Section 11." can ,reatly facilitate this 2rocess %ecause all syste! data 'ere entered in Ste2 &. 3nly the flo' rate needs to %e chan,ed for each calculation. 10. Plot the syste! cur6e on the 2u!2 2erfor!ance ,ra2h and deter!ine the actual eB2ected o2eratin, 2oint as the intersection of the 2u!2 head 6ersus flo' cur6e and the syste! cur6e. 11. At the actual o2eratin, 2oint/ deter!ine the 2o'er re)uired/ the actual 6olu!e flo' rate deli6ered/ efficiency/ and the NPSH re)uired/NPS;.. Also chec7 the ty2e of 2u!2/ !ountin, re)uire!ents/ and ty2es and siAes for the suction and dischar,e 2orts.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.13 Pipin% System #esi%n and Pump Selection
12. 1o!2ute the NPSH a6aila%le/ NSP;A for the syste!/ usin, E). =1 H1">. 1 . Ensure that NPS;A M 1.10NAPS;. for all eB2ected o2eratin, conditions. 1". 8f necessary/ 2ro6ide a !eans of connectin, the s2ecified 2i2e siAes to the connections for the 2u!2 if they are different siAes. See Fi,. *.1 for an eBa!2le. Kse a ,radual reducer or a ,radual eB2ander to !ini!iAe ener,y losses added to the syste! %y these ele!ents.
13. Pump Selection and Applications ,-ample 13.!
Fi,ure 1 ."0 sho's a syste! in 'hich a 2u!2 is re)uired to deli6er at least -50 LF!in of 'ater at 15J1 fro! a lo'er reser6oir to an ele6ated tan7 !aintained at a 2ressure of 2"0 7Pa ,a,e. #esi,n the syste! and s2ecify a suita%le 2u!2. Then deter!ine the o2eratin, 2oint for the 2u!2 in the syste! you ha6e desi,ned and ,i6e the 2erfor!ance 2ara!eters for the 2u!2 at the o2eratin, 2oint.
;ere 'e follo' the ste2s listed in the Pi2in, Syste! #esi,n Procedure. Step 1. Fluid@ <ater at 15J1@ "G-50 LF!in !ini!u! Source@ lo'er reser6oirL 2 G 07Pa Ele6ationG2." ! a%o6e 2u!2 inlet #estination@ u22er reser6oirL pG2"0 7Pa Ele6ationG2&.- ! a%o6e 2u!2 inlet
Step 2. <ater at 15J1@ NG0.-0 7NF! L 6 G1.12 B 10H& !2FsL h62 G0.1-2 !. Step 3. Fi,ure 1 ."0 sho's the 2ro2osed layout. Step 4. #esi,n decisions@ Suction line is 2." ! lon,L dischar,e line is 110 !. Step 5. Ksin, Fi,. &.2 as a ,uide@ Suction 2i2e is .54in Schedule "0 steel 2i2eL DG0.00 !/ )G&. -1 B 10H !2 #ischar,e line is 2.54in Schedule "0 steel 2i2eL DG0.0& !/ )G .00 B 10H !2
Step 6. Kse the s2readsheet sho'n in Fi,. 1 ."1. .eference 2oint 1 is the surface of the lo'er reser6oir. .eference 2oint 2 is the surface of the u22er reser6oir. 3ther data are entered into the s2readsheet as discussed in 1ha2ter 11. The result for the total dyna!ic head is ,i6en %y
Step 7. Total static head is Step 8. Pu!2 selection@ Fro! Fi,. 1 .2*L 2 B C10 centrifu,al 2u!2 o2eratin, at 500 r2!. The desired o2eratin, 2oint lies %et'een the cur6es for the -4in and 04in i!2ellers. <e s2ecify the 04in i!2eller dia!eter so the ca2acity is ,reater than the !ini!u! of -50 LF!in or 0.01" ! Fs. =Note/ So!e !anufacturers 2er!it s2ecifyin, any i!2eller dia!eter 'ithin the ran,e ,i6en in the ratin, dia,ra!.>
Step 9. Points on the syste! cur6e are sho'n in Ta%le 1 . / co!2uted usin, the s2readsheet sho'n in Fi,. 1 ."1 and 6aryin, the 6olu!e flo' rate fro! Aero to 1.1 ! F!in. Step 1 . Fi,ure 1 ."2 sho's the syste! cur6e and the 2u!2 ratin, cur6e for the 04in i!2eller on the sa!e ,ra2h. The actual o2eratin, 2oint is indicated.
Step 11. Fro! the full chart of 2u!2 2erfor!ance in Fi,. 1 .2*/ at the o2eratin, 2oint@
Step 12.
Step 13. 1o!2ute
Step 14. The siAes of the suction and dischar,e 2i2es are different fro! the siAes of the 2u!2 2orts. A ,radual reducer !ust %e used fro! the .54in suction 2i2e to the 4in suction 2ort. A ,radual enlar,e!ent !ust %e used fro! the 24in dischar,e 2ort to the 2.54in dischar,e 2i2e. The dia!eter ratio for each is a22roBi!ately 1.2. .eferrin, to Fi,. 10.5 for a ,radual enlar,e!ent and Fi,. 10.10 for a ,radual reducer/ and s2ecifyin, a 15J1 included an,le/ 'e find the ! 6alue 'ill %e 0.00 for the enlar,e!ent and 0.0 for the reducer. The additional ener,y losses are
These 6alues are ne,li,i%le co!2ared to the other ener,y losses in the suction and dischar,e lines and therefore should not si,nificantly affect the 2u!2 selection or its 2erfor!ance.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1! Alternate System Operatin% /odes
5 5 5 5
<hat ha22ens if the s2eed of the 2u!2 6ariesO <hat if the fluid has a si,nificantly hi,her or lo'er 6iscosity than 'aterO <hat if 'e 'ant to use t'o or !ore 2u!2s in 2arallel to feed a syste!O <hat ha22ens if 'e connect 2u!2s in series 'here the out2ut fro! one feeds to the in2ut of the neBtO
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.1 7ariable Speed #rives 5 5 Varia%le4s2eed dri6es offer an attracti6e alternati6e to throttlin,. Se6eral ty2es of !echanical 6aria%le4s2eed dri6es and a 6aria%le4fre)uency electronic control for a standard A1 electric !otor are a6aila%le. The effect of i!2le!entin, a 6aria%le4s2eed dri6e for a syste! 'ith a centrifu,al 2u!2 de2ends on the nature of the syste! cur6e as sho'n in Fi,. 1 ." . Part =a> sho's a syste! cur6e that includes only friction losses. The syste! cur6e in 2art =%> includes a su%stantial static head co!2rised of an ele6ation chan,e and 2ressure chan,e fro! the source to the destination.
5 5
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.1 7ariable Speed #rives
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.1 7ariable Speed #rives
8n addition to ener,y sa6in,s/ other %enefits result fro! usin, 6aria%le4s2eed dri6es@ 0$ 1mp oved p ocess cont ol Pu!2 deli6ery can %e !atched closely to re)uire!ents/ resultin, in i!2ro6ed 2roduct )uality. 2$ .ont ol of ate of chan'e Varia%le4s2eed dri6es control not only the final s2eed/ %ut also the rate of chan,e of s2eed/ reducin, 2ressure sur,es. 3$ #educed wea Lo'er s2eeds dra!atically reduce forces on seals and %earin,s/ resultin, in lon,er life and ,reater relia%ility of the 2u!2in, syste!.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.2 , ect o 8luid 7iscosity
The 2erfor!ance ratin, cur6es for centrifu,al 2u!2s are ,enerated fro! test data usin, 'ater as the fluid. 5 These cur6es are reasona%ly accurate for any fluid 'ith a 6iscosity si!ilar to that of 'ater. 5 ;o'e6er/ 2u!2in, !ore46iscous fluids causes the follo'in, effects@ 1. The 2o'er re)uired to dri6e the 2u!2 increases 2. The flo' deli6ered a,ainst a ,i6en head decreases . The efficiency decreases
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.2 , ect o 8luid 7iscosity
Fi,ure 1 ."" illustrates the effect of 2u!2in, a 6iscous fluid if the 2u!2 'as selected for the desired o2eratin, 2oint 'ithout a22lyin, corrections.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.3 Operatin% Pumps in Parallel
Many fluid flo' syste!s re)uire lar,ely 6aryin, flo' rates that are difficult to 2ro6ide 'ith one 2u!2 'ithout callin, for the 2u!2 to o2erate far off its %est efficiency 2oint. Fi, 1 ."5 sho's the 2erfor!ance of t'o 2u!2s in 2arallel.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.! Operatin% Pumps in Series
5 5
#irectin, the out2ut of one 2u!2 to the inlet of a second 2u!2 allo's the sa!e ca2acity to %e o%tained at a total head e)ual to the su! of the ratin,s of the t'o 2u!2s. This !ethod 2er!its o2eration a,ainst unusually hi,h heads. Fi, 1 ."& sho's the 2erfor!ance of t'o 2u!2s o2eratin, in series.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.! Operatin% Pumps in Series
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1!.& /ultista%e Pump
A 2erfor!ance si!ilar to that achie6ed %y usin, 2u!2s in series can %e o%tained %y usin, !ultista,e 2u!2s. T'o or !ore i!2ellers are arran,ed in the sa!e housin, in such a 'ay that the fluid flo's successi6ely fro! one to the neBt. Each sta,e increases the fluid 2ressure/ so that a hi,h total head can %e de6elo2ed.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1& Pump Selection and Speci ic Speed
Fi,ure 1 ."* sho's one !ethod for decidin, 'hat ty2e of 2u!2 is suita%le for a ,i6en ser6ice.
Another 2ara!eter that is useful in selectin, the ty2e of 2u!2 for a ,i6en a22lication is the specific speed/ defined as
The s2ecific s2eed is often co!%ined 'ith the specific diamete to 2roduce a chart li7e that sho'n in Fi,. 1 ."-. The s2ecific dia!eter is
'here D is the i!2eller dia!eter in inches.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1( *i e Cycle Costs or Pumped 8luid Systems
The ter! life cycle cost =L11> refers here to the consideration of all factors that !a7e u2 the cost of ac)uirin,/ !aintainin,/ and o2eratin, a 2u!2ed fluid syste!. 5 +ood desi,n 2ractice see7s to !ini!iAe L11 %y )uantifyin, and co!2utin, the su! of the follo'in, factors@ 1. 8nitial cost to 2urchase the 2u!2/ 2i2in,/ 6al6es and other accessories/ and controls. 2. 1ost to install the syste! and 2ut it into ser6ice.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1( *i e Cycle Costs or Pumped 8luid Systems . Ener,y cost re)uired to dri6e the 2u!2 and auBiliary co!2onents of the syste! o6er the eB2ected life. ". 32eratin, costs related to !ana,in, the syste! includin, la%or and su2er6ision. 5. Maintenance and re2air costs o6er the life of the syste! to 7ee2 the 2u!2 o2eratin, at desi,n conditions. &. 1ost of lost 2roduction of a 2roduct durin, 2u!2 failures or 'hen the 2u!2 is shut do'n for !aintenance. *. En6iron!ental costs created %y s2illed fluids fro! the 2u!2 or related e)ui2!ent. -. #eco!!issionin, costs at the end of the useful life of the 2u!2 includin, dis2osal of the 2u!2 and cleanu2 of the site.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1( *i e Cycle Costs or Pumped 8luid Systems . Ener,y cost re)uired to dri6e the 2u!2 and auBiliary co!2onents of the syste! o6er the eB2ected life. ". 32eratin, costs related to !ana,in, the syste! includin, la%or and su2er6ision. 5. Maintenance and re2air costs o6er the life of the syste! to 7ee2 the 2u!2 o2eratin, at desi,n conditions. &. 1ost of lost 2roduction of a 2roduct durin, 2u!2 failures or 'hen the 2u!2 is shut do'n for !aintenance. *. En6iron!ental costs created %y s2illed fluids fro! the 2u!2 or related e)ui2!ent. -. #eco!!issionin, costs at the end of the useful life of the 2u!2 includin, dis2osal of the 2u!2 and cleanu2 of the site.
<hen usin, S8 units to deter!ine s2ecific s2eed/ NS/ the follo'in, ran,es are used for 2u!2 classifications@
Fi, 1 ."- sho's the s2ecific s2eed 6ersus s2ecific dia!eter for centrifu,al 2u!2sCAn aid to 2u!2 selection.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1(.1 /inimi1in% ,ner%y Costs
For 2u!2s that o2erate continuously for lon, 2eriods of ti!e/ the ener,y cost is the hi,hest co!2onent of the total life cycle cost. 5 So!e of the considerations@ 1. Perfor! a careful/ co!2lete analysis of the 2ro2osed desi,n for the 2i2in, syste! to understand 'here ener,y losses occur and to 2redict accurately the desi,n o2eratin, 2oint for the 2u!2. 2. .eco,niAe that ener,y losses in 2i2in,/ 6al6es/ and fittin,s are 2ro2ortional to the 6elocity head/ that is/ to the s)uare of the flo' 6elocity.
2. Kse the lar,est 2ractical siAe of 2i2e for %oth the suction and dischar,e lines of the syste! to 7ee2 the flo' 6elocity at a !ini!u!. Fi, 1 ."0 sho's the life4cycle cost 2rinci2le for 2u!2ed fluid distri%ution syste!s.
. Kse the lar,est 2ractical siAe of 2i2e for %oth the suction and dischar,e lines of the syste! to 7ee2 the flo' 6elocity at a !ini!u!. ". 1arefully !atch the 2u!2 to the head and ca2acity re)uire!ents of the syste! to ensure that the 2u!2 o2erates at or near its %est efficiency 2oint = +,P> and to a6oid usin, an o6ersiAed 2u!2 that 'ill cause it to o2erate at a lo'er efficiency. 5. Kse the !ost efficient 2u!2 for the a22lication and o2erate the 2u!2 as close as 2ossi%le to its +,P.
&. Kse hi,h4efficiency electric !otors or other 2ri!e !o6ers to dri6e the 2u!2. *. 1onsider the use of 6aria%le4s2eed dri6es =VS#> for the 2u!2s to 2er!it !atchin, the 2u!2 deli6ery to the re)uire!ents of the 2rocess. -. 1onsider t'o or !ore 2u!2s o2eratin, in 2arallel for syste!s re)uirin, 'idely 6aryin, flo' rates. 0. Pro6ide dili,ent !aintenance of the 2u!2 and 2i2in, syste! to !ini!iAe the decrease in 2erfor!ance due to 'ear/ %uild4u2 of corrosion on 2i2e surfaces/ and fluid lea7a,e.
13. Pump Selection and Applications

13.1) So t+are or Pipin% System #esi%n and Pump Selection
5 5
Steady or unsteady flo'/ stress analysis/ and dyna!ic res2onse of the 2i2in, syste! are so!eti!es included. S2ecialiAed soft'are sets for s2rayin, syste!s and fire 2rotection syste!s are also offered. Such soft'are 2ac7a,es allo' the consideration of !ulti2le desi,n 2ro2osals to hone in on the o2ti!u! syste! for the a22lication/ ta7in, !uch of the co!2utational %urden.
13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1).1 9se o the Pumpbase Pump Selection So t+are
The Pu!2$ase soft'are re)uires only a fe' in2ut data 2oints/ such as total dyna!ic head = TDH> PE). =1 H1>Q at the desi,n flo' rate and static head PE). =1 H11>Q. The syste! cur6e is auto!atically ,enerated %y fittin, a second4de,ree cur6e throu,h these t'o 7no'n 2oints. Pu!2$ase also allo's the in2ut of a li!itin, 6alue of NPSH re)uired %y the 2u!2/ and it 'ill then screen out any 2u!2 re)uirin, a ,reater 6alue.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte LTD

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Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Objectives

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Objectives

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Objectives

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Objectives

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Outline

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications Chapter Outline

10. 11. 12. 1 . 1". 15. 1&. 1*.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1 Introductory Concepts

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.1 Introductory Concepts

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.3 Types o Pumps

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.! Positive"#isplacement Pumps

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.! Positive"#isplacement Pumps

Fi, 1 .1 sho's a 6ane 2u!2.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.! Positive"#isplacement Pumps

Fi, 1 .2 sho's a scre' 2u!2.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.! Positive"#isplacement Pumps

Fi, 1 . sho's a 2ro,ressin, ca6ity 2u!2.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.! Positive"#isplacement Pumps

Fi, 1 ." sho's a 2ro,ressin, lo%e 2u!2.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.! Positive"#isplacement Pumps

Fi, 1 .5 sho's a 2iston 2u!2s for fluid transfer.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.! Positive"#isplacement Pumps

Fi, 1 .& sho's a 2eristaltic 2u!2.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications

13.!.3 $otary Pump Per ormance

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.& 'inetic Pump

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.& 'inetic Pump

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.& 'inetic Pump

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.& 'inetic Pump

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

13. Pump Selection and Applications 13.& 'inetic Pump