DIgital Communication

ECE 422L
Bandpass Modulation

2013

Transmission of Digital Signal

1. Digital transmission Baseband data transmission Data is directly transmitted without carrier Suitable for short distance transmission

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Transmission of Digital Signal

2. Analog Transmission Passband data transmission Data modulates high frequency sinusoidal carrier Suitable for long distance transmission

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Analog Transmission

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Data element vs. Signal element a data element is the smallest quantity, a bit, that can represent a piece of information a signal element (vehicle / carrier) carries data elements

(passengers) - can contain one or more bits

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Bit and Baud

bit rate : the number of data elements transmitted per second

baud rate : the number of signal elements transmitted per second

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Bit and Baud

Data element vs. Signal element

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Data (bit) rate vs. signal (baud) rate r as the number of data elements carried by each signal element N = bit rate and S = baud rate S = N x (1 r) in bauds r = log2 L
where L is the type of signal element in analog transmission, S r

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Example 1 An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If 1000 signal elements are transmitted per second, find the bit rate.

Solution
r=4 S = 1000 N = S x r = 4000 bps
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Example 1
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are carried by each signal element ?

Solution N = 8000 S = 1000 r = (N S) = 8

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Analog Transmission
three mechanisms of modulating digital data into an analog signal by altering any of the three characteristics of analog signal:
amplitude ASK : amplitude shift keying frequency FSK : frequency shift keying phase PSK : phase shift keying
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Types of Analog Transmission

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Types of Analog Transmission

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Amplitude Shift Keying

amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal elements frequency and phase remain constant implemented using two levels Binary ASK (BASK) also referred to as on-off-keying (OOK)

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Amplitude Shift Keying

Amplitude Shift Keying

modulation produces aperiodic composite signal, with continuous set of frequencies bandwidth is proportional to the signal ( baud ) rate
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Amplitude Shift Keying

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Multi-level ASK (MASK)

4, 8,16 amplitudes can be used for the signal data can be modulated using 2, 3, 4 bits at a time in such cases, r = 2, r = 3, r = 4, .
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Example 3
Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half-duplex.

Solution
In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud rate is therefore 2000. An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.
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Example 4
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate?

Solution
In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000. But because the baud rate and the bit rate are also the same for ASK, the bit rate is 5000 bps.
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Binary ASK : implementation

generate carrier using an oscillator multiply the digital signal by the carrier signal

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Merits and Demerits

Values represented by different amplitudes of carrier Usually, one amplitude is zero
i.e. presence and absence of carrier is used

Susceptible to sudden gain changes Inefficient Typically used up to 1200bps on voice grade lines Used over optical fiber

Frequency Shift Keying

frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent data frequency of the modulated signal is constant for the duration of one signal element and changes for the next signal element if the data element changes amplitude and phase remain constant for all signal elements
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Binary FSK implemented using two carrier frequencies: F1,(space frequency) data elements 0 f2, (mark frequency) data elements 1 both f1 and f2 are 2f apart

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Binary FSK

0 regular frequency ; 1 increased frequency

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Modulation Index

f = frequency deviation fa = modulating frequency

fb = input bit rate

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Binary FSK : implementation

use of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) VCO changes its frequency according to input voltage

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Minimum Shift Keying FSK

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Example 6
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using FSK with d = 1?

Solution
The midpoint of the band is at 250 kHz. We choose 2f to be 50 kHz; this means

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Example 7
We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3 Mbps. The carrier frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the number of levels (different frequencies), the baud rate, and the bandwidth.

Solution

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Bandwidth of MFSK

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Merits and Demerits

Values represented by different frequencies (near carrier) Less susceptible to error than ASK Typically used up to 1200bps on voice grade lines High frequency radio Even higher frequency on LANs using co-ax Used in cordless and paging system

Phase Shift Keying

Phase of the carrier signal is varied to represent two or more different signal elements amplitude and frequency remain constant Binary PSK (BPSK) implemented using two signal elements o o one with phase 0 and other with 180
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Binary PSK
phase 0o 1 bit ; phase 180o 0 bit bandwidth requirement is the same as that of ASK

phase = 0o

phase =180o

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Binary PSK
Merits (a) less susceptible to noise (b) requires only one carrier
(less bandwidth)

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Binary PSK

phase 0o 0 bit ; phase 180o 1 bit

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Binary PSK : implementation

the digital signal used here is polar NRZ

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M-ary Encoding
M represents the number of possible of condition Ex. M= 4, 8

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Quadrature PSK

use of two bits at a time in each signal element decrease of baud rate reduction of required bandwidth uses two separate BPSK modulations : one in-phase and the other out-of-phase (quadrature)

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Quadrature PSK: implementation

serial to parallel converter

serial to parallel converter sends one bit to one modulator and the next bit to the other modulator
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Quadrature PSK

P = 90

P = 180

P = 180

P = 270

P=0

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8 PSK: waveform

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Constellation diagram
helps defining the amplitude and phase of a signal element signal element type is represented as a dot the bit or combination of bits it carries is written next to the dot diagram has two axes
X-axis related to the in-phase carrier Y-axis related to the quadrature carrier
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Constellation diagram

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Constellation diagram
Binary PSK
P = 180 P=0

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Constellation diagram
4-PSK characteristics

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Constellation diagram
8-PSK characteristics

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Comparison!!

A = 2 P = +45

A=1 P = 180

A=1 P=0

ASK
uses only an in-phase carrier

BPSK

QPSK

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Differential PSK Phase shifted relative to previous transmission rather than some reference signal eliminates the need for the synchronous carrier in the demodulation process and this has the effect of simplifying the receiver.
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Differential PSK
receiver only needs to detect phase changes.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

small differences in phase are difficult to detect (PSK) QAM works on the basis of altering two characteristics of the carrier : amplitude and phase
two carriers, one in-phase and another quadrature with two different levels are used
QAM is a combination of ASK and PSK
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

small differences in phase are difficult to detect (PSK) QAM works on the basis of altering two characteristics of the carrier : amplitude and phase
two carriers, one in-phase and another quadrature with two different levels are used
QAM is a combination of ASK and PSK
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Uses more phase shifts than amplitude shifts to reduce noise susceptibility

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Constellation diagrams

(a) 4-QAM with four signal element types similar to ASK or OOK (b) 4-QAM similar to QPSK (c) 4-QAM with a signal with two positive levels (d) 16-QAM with 8 signal levels : 4 +ve & 4 -ve
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The 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellations

Time domain for an 8-QAM signal

16-QAM constellations

Bit and baud rate comparison

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Modulation

Units

Bits/Baud

Baud rate

Bit Rate

ASK, FSK, 2-PSK 4-PSK, 4-QAM

8-PSK, 8-QAM 16-QAM

Bit Dibit
Tribit Quadbit

1 2
3 4

N N
N N

N 2N
3N 4N

32-QAM
64-QAM 128-QAM 256-QAM

Pentabit
Hexabit Septabit Octabit

5
6 7 8

N
N N N

5N
6N 7N 8N

Example 8
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the baud rate?

Solution
The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45 degrees apart. Since 23 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted with each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is 4800 / 3 = 1600 baud

Example 9
Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud 16-QAM signal.

Solution
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since log216 = 4. Thus, (1000)(4) = 4000 bps

Example 10
Compute the baud rate for a 72,000-bps 64-QAM signal.

Solution
A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since log2 64 = 6. Thus, 72000 / 6 = 12,000 baud

References
Data and Computer Communications Ninth Edition
by William Stallings

Advance Electronic Communication System

By Wayne Tomasi

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