The Rwandan Genocide

1994

History of the Conflict

In the fifteenth century the Tutsis were the rulers of most of today's Rwanda
Put in lace !y the "el#ians to rule

Tutsis were a minority of the o ulation$ mostly herders %a&ority Hutus were mostly cro ers 'hen (in#s distri!uted the land$ they #a)e it the to Tutsis who char#ed Hutus to li)e and wor( on the land

*)olution of Titles
+ri#inally an ethnic distinction *)eryone who wasn,t Tutsi is la!eled Hutu "ecame an economic status
Gainin# wealth meant losin# -Hutuness.

'hen the "el#ians #ained the land as art of the Treaty of /ersailles in 1910$ they used the distinction to -di)ide and rule.
Issued asscards to Rwandans Ga)e referential treatment to Tutsis 1-with the lon# nose.2
Hutu,s had -!lunt nose.

"e#innin# of a 3ocial Re)olution

Hutus !e#in to form a a nationalist arty 1Parmahutu2 to fi#ht for their ri#hts in 1949 "e#an (illin#s of Tutsi 156$666 the first year2 566$666 Tutsi refu#ees flee !order and from the Rwanda Patriotic 7ront Rwanda #ains its inde endence from "el#ium in 1981

'hat we ha)e so far9

Tutsi minority is rulin# Hutus ha)e formed #rou s to fi#ht a#ainst the in&ustice Tutsi refu#ees ha)e formed #rou s in other countries

The Rwandan Ci)il 'ar

Conflict lastin# from 1996:199;< "etween the #o)ernment of President Ha!yarimana 1Hutu2 and the re!el Rwandan Patriotic 7ront 1Tutsi #rou in other country2

Ha!yarimana

Tutsis were tryin# to ta(e !ac( the ower in Rwanda Peace a#reements were si#ned$ !ut Ha!yarimana 1Hutu President2 doesn,t cede ower to any other olitical arty

The =ction of9

two e>tremist Hutu militias
The Interahamwe
?those who stand to#ether? or ?those who wor( to#ether? or ?those who fi#ht to#ether. = Hutu aramilitary or#ani@ation "ac(ed !y the Hutu Go)ernment

Im u@amu#am!i
?Those who ha)e the same #oal? or ?Those who ha)e a sin#le #oal? Hutu militia

The Catalyst
+n = ril 8$ 1994$the air lane carryin# Rwandan President Ha!yarimana and the Hutu resident of "urundi was shot down as it re ared to land in Ai#ali "oth residents died when the lane crashedB Res onsi!ility for the attac( is dis uted$ with !oth the RP7 and Hutu e>tremists !ein# !lamed In s ite of disa#reements a!out the identities of its er etrators$ the attac( on the lane is to many o!ser)ers the catalyst for the #enocide

The "e#innin#s of Genocide

Cational radio ur#ed eo le to stay in their homes the #o)ernment:funded station RTD% !roadcast )itriolic attac(s a#ainst Tutsis and Hutu moderates Hundreds of road!loc(s were set u !y the militia around the country Dieutenant:General Eallaire of the FC Peace(ee in# 7orce and FC=%IR$ escortin# Tutsis in Ai#ali$ were una!le to do anythin# as Hutus (e t escalatin# the )iolence and e)en started tar#etin# the eace(ee ers themsel)es

The Aillin#s
Ailled in their )illa#es or in towns$ often !y their nei#h!ors and fellow )illa#ers %ilitia mem!ers ty ically murdered their )ictims !y hac(in# them with machetes$ althou#h some army units used rifles The )ictims were often hidin# in churches and school !uildin#s$ where Hutu #an#s massacred them +rdinary citi@ens were called on !y local officials and #o)ernment:s onsored radio to (ill their nei#h!ors and those who refused to (ill were often (illed themsel)es *)eryone (illed so they weren,t (illed themsel)esG
%ayors Priests */*RH+C*

Cum!er Ailled
Fnli(e Ca@is they didn,t (ee record The RP7 #o)ernment has stated that 1$6I1$666 were (illed$ 16J of which were Hutu 1determined in 7e!ruary 56602 Goure)itch a#rees with an estimate of one million Fnited Cations lists the toll as 066$666 =frican Ri#hts estimates the num!er as ?around I46$666$? Human Ri#hts 'atch states that it was ?at least 466$666

Issues Post:Genocide
= ro>imately two million Hutu refu#ees$ most of whom were artici ants in the #enocide and with antici ation of Tutsi retaliation$ fled from Rwanda$ to "urundi$ Tan@ania$ F#anda$ and Kaire 1now the Eemocratic Re u!lic of the Con#o2 Thousands of them died in e idemics of diseases common to the sLualor of refu#ee cam s$ such as cholera and dysentery
These are the refu#ee cam s that were aided !y the FC and the F3

The refu#ees ha)e fueled wars in F#anda$ "urundi$ and the ERC

Muestions 3till *>ist

'hy didn,t the F3 do anythin#N 'hy didn,t the FC listen to EaillaireN How could eo le (ill their nei#h!orsN How many actually diedN How can we re)ent this from ha enin# a#ainN