Chemistry

Session
Opener
Mole concept and stoichiometry
Session Objectives
Session Objective
Problems related to


1. Mole concept

2. Stoichiometry
Concept of equivalence
weight
No. of equivalents
equivalent weight
=
Equivalent weight can be defined as
gmatomic weight /Molar mass
Equivalent weight (E)
n factor
=

Therefore, no. of equivalents = no. of moles x nfactor

Illustrative
problem 1
3 2 2 4 3 4 3 3
0.5 mole 0.1 mole
3Pb(NO ) Cr (SO ) 3PbSO 2Cr(NO ) + +
2 4 3
2 4 3 4
Since Cr (SO ) is the limiting reagent
Molar ratio of Cr (SO ) and PbSO is 1: 3
4
Hence, moles of PbSO 0.3 =
0.5 mole of lead nitrate is mixed with 0.1
mole of chromium sulphate in water. The
maximum number of moles of lead sulphate
that can be obtained is
(a) 0.6 mole (b) 0.5 mole

(c) 0.3 mole (d) 0.1 mole
Solution:
Hence, the answer is (c).
Illustrative problem 2
A compound of iron and chlorine is soluble
in water. An excess of silver nitrate was
added to precipitate chloride ion as
silver chloride. If a 134.8 mg of the compound
gave 304. 8 mg of AgCl,
what is the formula of the compound
(Fe = 56, Ag = 108, Cl = 35.5)
Solution
x
Let the molecular formula FeCl =
x 3 3 x
FeCl AgNO Fe(NO ) xAgCl + +
x
0.1348
Moles of FeCl
56 35.5x
=
+
3
0 0.3 48
Moles of AgCl 2.12 10
143.5

= =
x 0.1348
0.00212
56 35.5x
=
+
2
0.1348x 0.1187 0.0753x
x 1.99 2
Formula is FeCl
= +
= ~

Illustrative example 3
Let molecular mass of Haemoglobin M =
0.33
M 4 56
100
M 67878.8gm
=
=
Blood haemoglobin contains 0.33%
iron. Assuming that there are four
atoms of iron per molecule of
haemoglobin, its approximate molecular
mass is found to be
(a) 34,000 (b) 17,000

(c) 67,879 (d) 85,000
Solution:
Hence, the answer is (c).
Illustrative example 4
2 4 4 2
Mg H SO MgSO H + +
2
448
Moles of H liberated 0.02
22400
Moles of pure Mg in the sample
= =
=
Amount of pure Mg 0.024 24 0.48g
0.48
%purity 100 96%
0.5
= =
= =
0.5 g of an impure sample of magnesium
contains its own oxide as an impurity,
when heated with dil. H
2
SO
4
it gave 448 ml
of hydrogen at N.T.P. Calculate the
percentage purity of magnesium. At wt. Of
Mg = 24.
Solution:
Illustrative example 5
Determine the percentage composition of
a mixture of anhydrous sodium carbonate
and sodium bicarbonate from the
following data:
Weight of the mixture taken = 2 g
Loss in weight on heating = 0.124 g
Solution
2 3
x gm
Na CO no effect
A

3 2 3 2 2
2 x (2 x)
mole mole
84 2 84
2NaHCO Na CO CO H O
A

+ +
Let mass of Na
2
CO
3
=x gm
Mass of NaHCO
3
=(2x) gm
Loss in weight on heating is due
to the decomposition of NaHCO
3.
After decomposition, weight of the remaining substance =
(20.124)g=1.876 g
In the mixture,
Solution
(2 x)
x 106 1.876
84 2

+ =

168x 212 106x 315.17 + =

103.168
x
62
1.664g
=
=
2 3
1.664
%Na CO 100
2
83.2
=
=
3
%NaHCO 16.8 =
Illustrative example 6
Let the ratio of metal and oxide is x : y
x 50
For 1st oxide, 1:1
y 50
Formula MO (given)
= =
=
2 3
x 40
For 2nd oxide, 2: 3
y 60
Formula M O
= =
=
Two oxides of a metal contain 50%
and 40% of the metal by mass respectively.
The formula of the first oxide is MO.
Then the formula of the second oxide is
(a) MO
2
(b) M
2
O
3


(c) M
2
O (d) M
2
O
5
Solution:
Hence, the answer is (b).
Illustrative example 7
6.25: 25
1: 4
=
=
Let the ratio of carbon and hydrogen in the hydrocarbon is
75 25
C: H :
12 1
=
4
Empirical formula CH Molecular formula = =
A hydrocarbon contains 75% of carbon.
Then its molecular formula is.
(a) CH
4
(b) C
2
H
4

(c) C
2
H
6
(d) C
2
H
2
Solution:
Hence, the answer is (a).
Illustrative
problem 8
To meet the hourly requirement of energy
of an astronaut moles of sucrose required
34.2
0.1
342
= =
moles of sucrose required in one day 2.4 =
12 22 11 2 2 2
C H O 12O 12CO 11H O + +
2
For 2.4 moles sucrose, amount of O needed
2.4 12 32g
921.6g
=
=
An hourly requirement of an astronanut can
be satisfied by the energy released when
34.2 g of sucrose (C
12
H
22
O
11
) are burnt in
his body. How many grams of oxygen would
be needed in a space capsule to meet his
requirement for one day ?
Solution:
Illustrative problem 9
60 g of a compound on analysis
gave 24 g C, 4 g H and 32 g O.
The empirical formula of the
compound is:

(a) C
2
H
4
O
2
(b) C
2
H
2
O
2
(c) CH
2
O
2
(d) CH
2
O
Solution:
% of C =
=
24
100 40%
60
=
4
100 6.66
60
% of H =
% of O =
=
32
100 53.33
60
Solution
Element Percentage Atomic ratio Simplest ratio
C 40
=
40
3.33
12
=
3.33
1
3.33
H 6.66 =
6.66
6.66
1
=
6.66
2
3.33
O 53.33
=
53.33
3.33
16
=
3.33
1
3.33
Hence, answer is (d).
Hence empirical formula CH
2
O.
Simple Titrations
Find out the concentration of a solution
with the help of a solution of known
concentration.
1 1 2 2
N V N V =
For mixture of two or more substances
N
1
V
1
+ N
2
V
2
+ = NV
Where V=(V
1
+ V
2
+ ..)
Normality of mixing two acids
1 1 2 2
1 2
N V +N V
N=
V +V
Normality of mixing acid and bases
1 1 2 2
1 2
N V -N V
N=
V +V
2 2 1 1
1 2
N V -N V
or N=
V +V
Questions
Illustrative example 10
Find the molality of H
2
SO
4
solution
whose specific gravity(density) is
1.98 g/ml and 95% mass by volume H
2
SO
4
.
100 ml solution contains 95 g H
2
SO
4
.
95
98
Moles of H
2
SO
4
=
Mass of solution = 100 1.98 = 198 g
Mass of water = 198 95 = 103 g
Molality =

95 1000
98 103
= 9.412 m
Solution:
Illustrative example 11
A sample of H
2
SO
4
(density 1.787 g/ml)
is 86% by mass. What is molarity of acid?
What volume of this acid has to be
used to make 1 L of 0.2 M H
2
SO
4
?
d10x
M=
Molecular mass
1.7871086
= =15.68 molar
98
Let V
1
ml of this H
2
SO
4
are used to prepare 1 L of 0.2 M
H
2
SO
4
.M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2


15.68 V
1
= 0.2 1000
1
0.21000
V = =12.75 ml
15.68
Solution:
Illustrative example 12
A mixture is obtained by mixing 500ml
0.1M H
2
SO
4
and 200ml 0.2M HCl at 25
0
C.
Find the normality of the mixture.
2 2 1 1
1 2
N V +N V
We know, N=
V +V
For the mixture,
500 0.1 2 200 0.2 1
N 0.2
700
+
= =
Solution:
Illustrative example 13
500 ml 0.2 N HCl is neutralized with
250 ml 0.2 N NaOH. What is the
strength of the resulting solution?
HCl + NaOH + NaCl + H
2
O
Equivalents of HCl

=
3
500 0.2 10 egv
Equivalents of NaOH
-3
=2500.210 egv
Equivalence of excess HCl

=
3 3
(500 0.2 10 250 0.2 10 egv)
Normality of HCl (excess)
-3 3
50010 10
= =0.067 N
750
Strength of HCl = .067 36.5 g/litre
= 2.44 g/litre
Solution:
Solution
1 1 2 2
1 2
N V -N V
N=
V +V
0.2 1 500 - 0.2 1 250
N =
500 +250
N = 2.44 N
Strength of HCl = .067 36.5 grams/litre
= 2.44 grams/litre
Normality of HCl (excess),
Alkali metals: very energetic
They readily form oxides and hydroxides
which are strongly alkaline.
They do not occur free in nature.
Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs
Helen kabre se farar
Group 1 elements
(Alkali metals)
Alkaline earth metals:
Oxides of Ca, Sr and Ba form alkaline hydroxides
when dissolved in water and occur in the earths
crust.
Be

Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra
Why? IE>IE of I
Bear mugs can serve bar rats
Group 1 elements
(Alkaline earth
metals)
Except Boron, all others are metals.
B
Al

Ga
In
Tl
Bob allen gone indrains jennis lessons
Al is longer than Ga
Group 13 elements
(Boron family)
ns
2
np
2
Carbon is a typical non-metal.
Si and Ge are metalloids.
Sn and Pb are metals.
C
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
Can sily or Gervans snatch lead
Group 14 elements
(Carbon family)
N and P are non-metals.
As and Sb are metalloids.
Bi is a true metal.
N
P
As
Sb
Bi
Never put arsence in silver bullet bear
Group 15 elements
(Nitrogen family)
ns
2
np
4
First four elements are called
chalcogen meaning
ore forming.
O
S
Se
Te
Po
Oh, she sells tie moles
Group-16 elements
(Oxygen family)
ns
2
np
5
2. Diatomic molecule in the
elemental form.
1. Astatine is radioactive with
very short half-life period.
F
Cl
Br
I
At
Fat Clyde bribed Innocents
Sea salt producer
Group-17 elements
(Halogen family)
Thank you