WiGig Advanced Targetting 100 Gbps and Beyond

Why > 100 Gbps ?

Traditional devices and their difficulties

Fig1:HDMI

Fig2:PCI Express

Fig3:Rapid IO

Signal attenuation Signal distortion Crosstalk in electrical interconnects 3

Table 1:Examples of Short Range and Very Short Range Wireless Applications [1]

Overview
Number of Usage Models Identification of Spectrum Power Consumption and Antenna Integration Issues Technical Feasibility Standardization Essential Research topics
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Advantages of Wireless over Wired

Avoids Layout and Routing Functionality Adaptations Flexible Routing and Reconfigurable Electronics

IEEE 802.15.3c
Backward Compatibility to earlier IEEE stds Operating around 60 GHz

IEEE 802.11/ad(WiGig)
Targets the devices with lower range No Compatibility issue Operating around 60 GHz

The Standardization of these networks came up with 4 bands of 2.16GHz In the 57-66 GHz with a maximum data rate of 6.8 Gbps per Channel

Choosing suitable Standard

Consequences
Does not allow the support of bandwidth demanding applications Further reduction of data rate when medium is shared by many users

Alternate Ways
Increasing the spectral efficiency Using more bandwidth

Increasing the spectral efficiency with modulation order

Modulation order Spectral Efficiency in b/s/Hz Spectral efficiency with overhead 3.15 4.2 Data rates achieved In Gbps per 2.16 GHz channel 6.8 9

64 QAM with ofdm 256 QAM with ofdm

6 8

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Problems with increasing Modulation order

No rapid increase in data rate Transmit power is to be increased

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Implementing MIMO systems to increase spectral efficiency

Fig 2: 22 LOS spatial multiplexing system [1]

Under ideal conditions a 22 LOS spatial multiplexing would double the capacity(spectral efficiency) compared to SISO system

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Difficulty with Spatial Multiplexing

The relative position and orientation of transmit and receive Antenna(NLOS case) Requirement for manual alignment and positioning Requirement of accurate and fast beam steering capabilities

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Improvement of spectral efficiency using more bandwidth(the only alternative)

The required contiguous bandwidth is found only above 60 GHz One option is to use unlimited bandwidth in the optical region

Fig4 : Frequency spectrum of the optical region [4]

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Limitations of optical spectrum

Not suitable for low cost applications. Limited Receiver sensitivity available with Photodiodes. Use of non silicon, increasing complexity and cost

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So the only option....

Operating the terahertz region( about 100 to 500 GHz) According to ITRS The value of CMOS frequency oscillation fT and maximum frequency oscillation fmax of 12 nm technology and below will reach or exceed 1 THz , around 2020. Designs are possible with Highest imaginable Integration Density Lowest Power Consumption Integration of RF and Digital Part within one die Lowest cost Under Mass Production 16

Spectrum Usage
To keep implementation cost and power consumption low Allow low to moderate Spectral efficiency. The minimum required Bandwidth for a low cost application would be about 50 GHz. Within this Bandwidth we could accommodate 100 Gbps with 16 QAM OFDM sub carrier and an overhead of 100 percent. To allow commercialization of the proposed applications , a worldwide contiguous license free bandwidth spanning at least 50 GHz should be allocated by frequency regulatory authorities. 17

Discovery of the Desired Frequency band

Spectrum should be chosen ,such that its reuse distance is small

Fig5 : Specific attenuation as a function of frequency.[1]

Identified absorption peaks in GHz are(Resonant Frequencies water vapour): 185.31 , 325.15 , 380.2 ,448 , 556.94

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Continued
The high level attenuation , particularly at the absorption peaks makes these bands unsuitable for outdoor applications. These bands can be used for indoor , short range applications for which the atmospheric absorption does not cause significant attenuation due to the limited link range .

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Selection of suitable absorption peak

Near to the first absorption peak 182-185 GHz is forbidden for use by the radio regulations. [2] As per ITU-R the frequency band 275-1000 GHz may be used by administrators for experiments , and development of various active and passive devices. [2] To date only the bands 275-323 GHz and 327-371 GHz among others are identified by ITU-R for passive service applications (e.g Radio Astronomy) [2] Unfortunately the required contiguous bandwidth for the applications concerned cannot be found in the remaining free parts of the spectrum. ITU-R states that administrators should achieve co-existent spectrum usage with passive services.

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Continued..
Administrators should ensure that passive services are protected from harmful interference. The next absorption band of interest is about 275 330 GHz covering the 325.15 GHz absorption peak. (300 GHz band)

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Power consumption issues

One of the biggest challenges in achieving 100 Gbps wireless is the reduction of power consumptions to acceptable proportions. Unfortunately Battery Capacity in watt hour is expected to progress only by 20 percent every five years.(MOOREs Law) Hence technology scaling will not provide the required gain in energy efficiency for the intended target applications However we can expect improvements based on gaining energy efficiency at the cost of silicon area (abundant in nature) 22

EXAMPLEa kiosk download scenario. [1] Downloading a movie at a data rate of 100 Gbps to a smart phone.

Maximum possible power available for baseband processing in smart phones Maximum possible power available for processing of 1 bit in worst case(100 Gbps) A receiver with complex decoding scheme implemented in 65 nm technology consumes energy per bit processing [3]

1 Watt 10 pJ

1 nJ

When 22 nm technology is incorporated

Further downscaling to 8 nm by 2020

0.2 nJ
67pJ

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Impact of Choice of transmission scemes

A high modulation order(e.g. 64 QAM) requires use of high resolution ADCs and DACs, which consume more power for processing. Instead Lower order modulations can be used (e.g. QPSK) with
Lower complexity Less power consuming ADC and DAC Or even no ADC and DAC at all .

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Link Budget and Antenna Considerations

Table 2 : Link Budget example for transmission at 300 GHz [1]

ASSUMPTIONS Calculations are based on friis formula for free space attenuation. SNR is assumed to be 10 dB 10 dB Margin for implementation loss is included

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Continued
It can be observed that 20 25 dBi antenna gain is required for our application A compact ,cost effective ,low loss design of antenna is possible with multi dielectric Fresnel zone plate lens integrated with a chip package. [5]

Fig 6 : chip package with ic fresnel zone lens plate [1]

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Features of the plate lens IC

Beam steering can be applied using amplitude and phase control Fresnel zone plate lens serves as a package lid that encapsulate the package. Array antenna elements are not directly placed on silicon , rather they are integrally formed from the BEOL metallization structure of the ic chip Its production is readily compatible with the standard high volume production processes The Fresnel zone plate lens can easily be made through the use of classical machining tools,3D printing and stamping press machines. 27

STANDARDIZATION WiGig ADVANCED

Need for defining new physical layer (PHY) that operates in 300 GHz An enhanced 802.11 MAC for downward compatibility with WiFi and WiGig . Definition of protocol adaptation layers(PAL) PALs allow wireless implementations of high speed standard interfaces such as HDMI, DisplayPort , PCI Express , RapidIO , Infiniband and Hypertransport .

Fig 7 :Protocol adaptation layer(PALs)

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Conclusion
The 300 GHz band Spanning about 55 GHz contiguous bandwidth is identified for future use of all kinds of short range applications which run at a speed of atleast 100 Gbps Low cost chip solutions will soon be available for implementations at 300 GHz Antenna dimensions are very small(of the order of chip size) at these ultra high frequencies Chip Antenna combinations can be readily integrated with rest of device circuitry 29

Essential research to be carried out

Suitable channel models for the different usage models to be developed Interference studies to protect the passive services have to be performed Reduction of power consumption at these frequencies

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References
[1] P.Smulders, The road to 100 gbpswireless and beyond : basic issues and key directions ieee comm mag,vol.52 ,issue 12 ,dec 2013 [2] ITU , Radio Regulation Articles, vol. 1 , 2012 edition [3] F . Kienle On complexity Energy and implementationEfficiency of channel decoders ,ieee trans comm vol.58 issue 12 ,dec 2011 ,pp 3301-10 [4] Harald haas , High-speed wireless networking using visible ligh t, https://spie.org/x93593.xml 31

Thank you

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