IEEE 802.

15

Outline

IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.3 High data rate WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 Low data rate WPAN

IEEE 802.15 - General

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

Short Range Low Power Low Cost Small Networks

Communication within a persons operating space

IEEE 802.15.2

IEEE 802.15.2

Coexistence between 802.15 and 802.11 Predefined traffic management rules for coexistence

Outline

IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.3 High data rate WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 Low data rate WPAN

What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.

Bluetooth Application Programming, p.3

Timeline

1994 Ericsson study complete/vision 1995 Engineering work begins 1997 Intel agrees to collaborate 1998 Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba 1999 Bluetooth Specification 1.0A SIG promotor group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft & Motorola 2000 Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters 2001 First retail products released, Specification 1.1 (JSR-82 Java for Bluetooth API based on Spec v1.1) 2003 Bluetooth Specification 1.2 2004 Bluetooth Specification 2.0(?)

Technical Features

2.4 GHz ISM Open Band

Globally free available frequency 79 MHz of spectrum = 79 channels Frequency Hopping & Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/second)

10-100 Meter Range

Class I 100 meter (300 feet) Class II 20 meter (60 feet) Class III 10 meter (30 feet)

1 Mbps Gross Rate Simultaneous Voice/Data Capable

What is Bluetooth?
Applications
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM

Application Framework and Support Class Host Controller Interface Class

Data
L2CAP Audio Link Manager

LMP

Link Manager and L2CAP Classes Radio & Baseband Classes

Baseband RF

A hardware description An application framework

Software Architecture
Applications
TCS SDP RFCOMM

Cover This
Data
L2CAP
Audio

Link Manager

LMP

Baseband RF

Integration and Modules Classes

Applications
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM

Data
L2CAP Audio Link Manager

LMP

Baseband RF

A hardware description An application framework

Integration and Modules Classes

Bluetooth Specifications...
Applications
TCP/IP HID RFCOMM
Bluetooth Application Framework Specification: Bluetooth TS07.10 TCP/IP Over Bluetooth HID Over Bluetooth IrOBEX over Bluetooth Still Image Transfer Over Bluetooth Bluetooth Audio Specification Bluetooth L2CAP Protocol Specification

Data
L2CAP Audio Link Manager

LMP

Bluetooth Link Manager Specification

Baseband RF

Bluetooth Baseband Specification Bluetooth Radio Specification

Describe the Bluetooth architecture

Given similar vertical stacks, devices will interoperate

IEEE 802.15.1 Usage Scen.

IEEE 802.15.1 Global setting

Future Usage Scenarios

Home Automation Home Entertainment/Games Electronic Commerce/M-Commerce Industrial Control Surveillance Access Control Location Based Services Current Trials: Shopping Malls, Train Stations

Outline

IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.3 High data rate WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 Low data rate WPAN

IEEE 802.15.3 - Overview

High data rate WPAN Potential future standard Motivation: The need for higher bandwidths currently supported with 802.15.1

100 Mpbs within 10 meter 400 Mpbs within 5 meter

Data, High quality TV, Home cinema

IEEE 802.15.3 - Overview

Dynamic topology

Mobile devices often join and leave the piconet Short connection times

High spatial capacity Multiple Power Management modes Secure Network

IEEE 802.15.3 - Overview

Based on piconets Data Devices (DEV) establish peer-topeer communication Includes also a Piconet Coordinator (PNC)

IEEE 802.15.3 - Topology

IEEE 802.15.3 - Superframe

IEEE 802.15.3 - Beacon

Beacon

Control information Allocates GTS Synchronization

IEEE 802.15.3 - CAP

CAP

Allows contention via CSMA/CD Command exchange between DEV and PNC File transfers from DEV without request

IEEE 802.15.3 - CFP

CFP

Time slot allocation specified in the beacon Reserved bandwidth for DEV MTS: Command, GTS: Data

IEEE 802.15.3 - GTS

GTS reservation

DEV sends a Channel Time Request (CTR) to PNC

Isochronous data: number and duration of slot(s) Asynchronous data: Total amount of data

PNC allocates GTSs to DEV via CTA DEV is responsible of utilizing allocated GTSs

IEEE 802.15.3

Just to make sure...

Isochronous signals: Significant instants (e.g. Start of a bit) have the same duration Anisochronous signals: Significant instants (e.g. Start of a bit) do not have the same duration More accurate to use anisochronous instead of asynchronous when talking about a single signal

GTS and MTS Slots

GTSs may have different persistence

Dynamic GTS: position in superframe may change from superframe to superframe (Beacon CTA IE or broadcast channel time Grant command) Pseudo-static GTS (isochronous streams): PNC may change the GTS positions, but needs to communicate and confirm with both Tx and Rx DEVs Variable guard times between adjacent slots to prevent collision (clock drift)

MTS

Open & dedicated MTS: Used for PNC/DEV communication Association MTS Number of MTS per superframe is controlled by the PNC

IEEE 802.15.3

Starting a piconet

DEV scans the for the best channel and sends out beacons -> the DEV becomes PNC If no channels available: Establishes a child or neighbor piconet instead

Requests a private GTS from parent PNC All communication takes place within assigned GTS

IEEE 802.15.3 - QoS

QoS

IEEE 802.15.3 supports both synchronous and asynchronous data CAP offers only best-effort The PNC will allocate resources in the CFP

Through admission control Synchronous data: Based on number of time slots per superframe, duration of slot, priority and GTS type Asynchronous data: Based on total data and priority

After performing admission control, GTSs may be allocated

Why UWB ? (1/2)

High data rate Low interference to existed systems

Signal is spread over a wide bandwidth Low power spectrum density (PSD)

Why UWB ? (2/2)

Immune to multipath cancellation effect

Short duration signal resolve more multipah and reduce the probability of inter-path cancellation Fading margin is reduced due to the isolation of multipath

A Standard WAR in IEEE

A War over an IEEE standard for UWB PHY (Physical Layer) specification, 802.15.3a

Two counterparts:

DS-UWB

UWB Forum (Motorola,Xtreme Spectrum ) MBOA (TI, Intel,)

MB-OFDM (Mulit-Band OFDM)

IEEE Process

Despite numerous attemps, the final decision has not been achieved MBOA majority many times, but not 75% Process has been stalled for months Alternative: Forget IEEE, form a Special Interest Group of your own!

MBOA has done this Will Motorola follow?

DS-UWB (1/4)

Support two independent bands of operation

Lower band (3.1GHz~4.85GHz) Upper band (6.2GHz~9.7GHz)

Up to Six piconet channels in each band Direct sequence spreading is applied

Spreading factor ranges from 1 to 24 Code is ternary (+1,0,-1) Spreading codes are partitioned into Six code sets

Modulation scheme: BPSK or QPSK (optional)

DS-UWB (2/4)
Lower Band Arrangement
Piconet Channel 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chip Rate
1313 MHz 1326 MHz 1339 MHz 1352 MHz 1300 MHz

1365 MHz

Center Frequency 3939 MHz 3978 MHz 4017 MHz 4056 MHz 3900 MHz 4094 MHz

Spreading Code Set 1 2 3 4 5 6

DS-UWB (3/4)

Signal Generation
Scrambler K=6 FEC Encoder Conv. Bit Interleaver Bit-to-Code Mapping Pulse Shaping

Input Data

K=4 FEC Encoder

Gray or Natural mapping

4-BOK Mapper

Center Frequency

Transmitter blocks required to support optional modes

Scrambler uses 15-bit LFSR (same as 802.15.3) Simple convolutional bit-wise interleaver is applied

DS-UWB (4/4)

Supported Data Rate (BPSK in lower band)

Date Rate 28 Mbps 55 Mbps 110 Mbps 220 Mbps FEC Rate Code Length Range (AWGN) 24 29m 12 6 3 23m 18.3m 13m

500 Mbps 660 Mbps 1000 Mbps 1320 Mbps

2 2 1 1

7.3m 4.1m 5.1m 2.9m

MB-OFDM (1/6)

Divide the spectrum (3.1~10.6 GHz) into 14 bands and 5 band group Bands are spaced 528 MHz Time-frequency codes (TFCs) defines the sequence of T F C N u mb e r Length 6 TFC (Band Group 1) frequency hopping
1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2

MB-OFDM (2/6)
Signal Generation
64-State BCC Puncturer Scrambler 3-Stage Interleaver QPSK Mapper IFFT DAC

Output Data A

Frequency-Domain Inputs

NULL #1 #2

0 1 2

1 2

Time Frequency Kernel

Time-Domain Outputs

Output Data B Output Data C

# 61 NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL # -61

61 62 63 64 65 66 67

61 62 63 64 65 66 67

Error Control Coding Standard 64-State Binary Convolutional Code Punctured to achieve various data rates

# -2 # -1

126 127

126 127

IFFT 128 points 100 data, 12 pilot, 10 guard, 6 null

MB-OFDM (3/6)

Structure of OFDM Symbol

Zero-Padded (ZP) prefix, not Cyclic prefix (CP) Spectrum will be flat Destroy the orthogonality between subcarriers

MB-OFDM (4/6)

3-stage bit-interleaving
1)

Symbol interleaving across OFDM symbols

Exploit frequency diversity across sub-bands
In (6/TSF) Out (NCBPS) EX:

3 OFDM Symbols

MB-OFDM (5/6)
2)

Intra-symbol tone interlaeving

Exploit frequency diversity across subcarriers
In (10) EX: Out (NTint)

3)

Intra-symbol cyclic shifts

EX: 300 coded bits(3 OFDM Symbols)

Z1,Z100 Z101,Z200 Z201,Z300

Z1,Z100 Z134,Z133 Z267,Z266

MB-OFDM (6/6)

Supported Data Rate

Coding Rate 1/3 1/2 11/32 1/2 5/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 Time Spreading Factor 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Freq Spreading Factor 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Coded Bits per OFDM Symbol 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200

Data Rate (Mbps) 53.3 80 110 160 200 320 400 480

Technology Comparison

Fundamental Issue

Multipath Effect

Other comparisons

Complexity Coverage Interference

Multi-path Effect (1/3)

Both systems are immune to interference induced by multipath A Myth: OFDM captures more multipath energy

Fact: With moderate number of fingers, DS can capture as much energy Real point: Can the captured energy be fully utilized ?

DS-USB: YES ! (isolated multipath) MB-OFDM: NO ! (mixed multipath)

Multi-path Effect (2/3)

Fading Statistics

MB-OFDM still observes Rayleigh fading in each subcarrier

Multi-path Effect (3/3)

Bit interleaving does not entirely solve the problem

Only levers inter-bit diversity The diversity order for convolution codes determined by the free distance, not the inter-leaver size

There is a 6dB gap relative to AWGN with MB-OFDM

Is this a fundamental problem ?

DS-UWB: YES ! MB-OFDM: NO ! (updated proposal reduces the gap by 0.8 dB)

Complexity

A gate count comparison by DS Forum

Component MB-OFDM (Doc 03/268r3) 110 Mbps 100K 108K DS-USB 16-Finger Rake 220 Mbps Raw 3-Bit ADC 26K 54K DS-USB 16-Finger Rake 220 Mbps Raw 3-Bit ADC 45K 54K

Matched Filter Rake [DS] or FFT [OFDM] Viterbi decoder

Synchronization
Channel Estimation Other Miscellaneous Including RAM Equalizer Total gates @ 85.5 MHz 455K 247K (Freq Domain)

30K
24K 30K 20K 184K

30K
24K 30K 20K 203K

Coverage

Outage range (8% PER for 90%)

CM-1 MB-OFDM (110 Mbps) DS-UWB (112 Mbps) MB-OFDM (200 Mbps) CM-2 CM-3 CM-4

11.5 m 10.9 m 11.6 m 11.0 m

12.4 m 11.5 m 12.5 m 12.7 m

6.9 m 8.4 m

6.3 m 7.9 m

6.8 m 8.5 m

5.0 m 8.5 m

DS-UWB (224 Mbps)

Implications for Applications

UWB characteristics: Simultaneously low power, low cost high data-rate wireless communications Attractive for high multipath environments

Enables the use of powerful RAKE receiver techniques Low fading margin

Excellent range-rate scalability Especially promising for high rates ( >100 Mbps)

Candidate Applications: Wireless Video Projection, Image Transfer, High-speed Cable Replacement

Major Applications of UWB

Major UWB Target Applications

UWB Application in Mobile Device(1)

UWB Application in Mobile Device(2)

Challenges for UWB

Wide RF Bandwidth Implementation
In-Band Interference Signal Processing Beyond Current DSP (today requires analog processing) Global Standardization Broadband Non-resonant Antennas

Outline

IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.3 High data rate WPAN IEEE 802.15.4 Low data rate WPAN

IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol stack

IEEE 802.15.4 - DEVs

2 or more DEVs form a PAN 2 different types of DEVs

Full functional Device (FFD)

Coordinator and simple node Any topology Talks to any device Simple node only, either source or desination Star topology only Talks to network coordinator only

Reduced Functional Device (RFD)

IEEE 802.15.4 - Star

IEEE 802.15.4 Peer-to-Peer

IEEE 802.15.4 - Combined

IEEE 802.15.4 - QoS

QoS 3 traffic types

Periodic data: e.g. Sensor data Intermittent data: generated once a while, e.g. Ligth witch traffic Repetitive low latency data: E.g. Mouse device traffic

Sophisticated QoS mechanisms may reside in upper layers

Why ZigBee?

Standard in a fragmented market

Many proprietary solutions, interoperability issues Users expect battery to last months to years!

Low Power consumption

Low Cost High density of nodes per network Simple protocol, global implementation

ZigBee - General Characteristics

Data rates of 250 kbps and 20 kbps Star topology, peer to peer possible 255 devices per network CSMA-CA channel access Optional Guaranteed Time Slot Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability Low power (battery life multi-month to years) Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz) Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%) Range: 10m nominal (1-100m based on settings) Location Aware: Yes, but optional

Zigbee Stack Architecture

ZigBee Devices Type Model

Application Device Type e.g. Light Sensor e.g. Lighting Controller Distinguishes the type of device from an end-user perspective

...
ZigBee End Device

ZigBee Logical Device Type

ZigBee Coordinator

ZigBee Router

Distinguishes the Physical Device Types deployment in a specific ZigBee network

ZigBee Physical Device Type

FFD Full Function Device

RFD Reduced Function Device

Distinguishes type of ZigBee hardware platform

ZigBee products are combination of Application, ZigBee Logical, and ZigBee Physical device types Profiles may define specific requirements for this combination, but can also leave this up to manufacturers

ZigBee is Mesh Networking

ZigBee Coordinator (FFD) ZigBee Router (FFD)

ZigBee End Device (RFD or FFD) Mesh Link Star Link

ZigBee and Bluetooth

Optimized for different applications

Bluetooth ZigBee Larger packets over small Smaller packets network over large network Ad-hoc networks Mostly Static File transfer networks with many, Screen graphics, pictures, infrequently used hands-free audio, Mobile phones, headsets, PDAs, etc. devices Home automation, toys, remote controls, etc.

ZigBee and Bluetooth

Address Different Needs

Bluetooth is a cable replacement for items like Phones, Laptop Computers, Headsets Bluetooth expects regular charging

Target is to use <10% of host power

ZigBee and Bluetooth

Address Different Needs

ZigBee is better for devices where the battery is rarely replaced

Targets are :

Tiny fraction of host power New opportunities where wireless not yet used

Air interface

ZigBee and Bluetooth

Bluetooth

ZigBee

DSSS- 11 chips/ symbol 62.5 K symbols/s 4 Bits/ symbol Peak Information Rate ~128 Kbit/second

FHSS 1 M Symbol / second Peak Information Rate ~720 Kbit / second

ZigBee and Bluetooth

User Interface
Intercom Headset Cordless Group Call vCard vCal vNote

Dial-up Networking

Application Application Interface Network Layer Data Link Layer MAC Layer MAC Layer PHY Layer
Silicon ZigBee Stack Application

vMessage

Fax

Voice

Telephony OBEX Control RFCOMM Protocol

(Serial Port)

Service Discovery Protocol

L2CAP Host Control Interface

Link Manager

Link Controller Baseband RF

Silicon Bluetooth Stack Applications

Zigbee

Bluetooth

Protocol Stack Comparison

ZigBee and Bluetooth

Timing Considerations

ZigBee:
Network join time = 30ms typically Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically

Bluetooth:
Network join time = >3s Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically

ZigBee protocol is optimized for timing critical applications

ZigBee and Bluetooth Bluetooth ZigBee

AIR INTERFACE PROTOCOL STACK BATTERY DEVICES/NETWORK LINK RATE RANGE

FHSS 250 kb rechargeable 8 1 Mbps ~10 meters (w/o pa)

DSSS 28 kb non-rechargeable 255 250 kbps ~30 meters

Comparison Overview

Zigbee Core Markets

Zigbee Applications
security HVAC AMR lighting control access control patient monitoring fitness monitoring
BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

TV VCR DVD/CD remote

ZigBee
PERSONAL HEALTH CARE

Wireless Control that Simply Works

PC & PERIPHERALS

mouse keyboard joystick

asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL

RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL

security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

Comparison of key features of complementary protocols

Feature(s)
Power Profile Complexity Nodes/Master Latency Range Extendability Data Rate Security

IEEE 802.11b
Hours Very Complex 32 Enumeration upto 3 seconds 100 m Roaming possible 11Mbps Authentication Service Set ID (SSID)

Bluetooth
Days Complex 7 Enumeration upto 10 seconds 10m No 1Mbps 64 bit, 128 bit

ZigBee
Years Simple 64000 Enumeration 30ms 70m-300m YES 250Kbps 128 bit AES and Application Layer user defined

Market Application Landscape

Graphics Internet Text Hi-Fi audio Streaming video Digital video Multi-channel video

Long Range

WAN
GSM/CDMA GPRS/3G LMDS

Wi-Fi 802.11b Short Range

Wi-Fi5 802.11a/HL2

LAN

ZigBee 802.15.4

Bluetooth 2 Bluetooth 1 802.15.1

WiMedia 802.15.3 PAN

Low Data Rate

High Data Rate

The Wireless Market

TEXT LONG INTERNET/AUDIO COMPRESSED VIDEO MULTI-CHANNEL DIGITAL VIDEO

802.11b

802.15.3/WIMEDIA

>

802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g

< RANGE

ZigBee
Bluetooth 2 Bluetooth1

SHORT

LOW

<

ACTUAL THROUGHPUT

>

HIGH

References

Ganz et al., Multimedia Wireless Networks Siep, IEEE 802.15.1 Tutorial Gandolfo, IEEE 802.15.3 Overview/Update Barr, IEEE 802.15 TG3 and SG3a Gutierrez, IEEE 802.15.4 Tutorial Shellhammer, Tutorial on 802.15.2 draft