Abhijith

Gopinath
No. 6
 OBJECTIVES

The primary objectives of Chandrayaan-1 are:

1. To expand scientific knowledge about the moon
2. To upgrade India's technological capability
3. To provide challenging opportunities for planetary
research to the younger generation of Indian scientists

Chandrayaan-1 aims to achieve these well defined objectives

through high resolution remote sensing of the Moon.
With this, preparation of a 3-D atlas of the lunar surface and
chemical mapping of the entire lunar surface is envisaged
 Payloads carried by Chandrayaan-1
• Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft carried 11 payloads to achieve its objectives.
• Of them, 5 instruments were entirely designed and developed in India:
1. Terrain Mapping Camera(TMC)
2. Hyperspectral Imager(HySI)
3. Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument(LLRI)
4. High Energy X-Ray Spectrometer(HEX)
2. Moon Impact Probe(MIP)

• Payloads from abroad:

1. Chandrayaan-1 Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer(C1XS)
2. Smart Near Infrared Spectrometer(SIR-2)
3. Sub kev Reflecting Analyser(SARA)
4. Radiation Dose Monitor(RADOM)
5. Mini Synthetic Aperture Radar(MiniSAR)
6. Moon Minerology Mapper(M3)
 INDIAN PAYLOADS

1.TERRAIN MAPPING CAMERA(TMC)

 To map the lunar topography and to
prepare a 3D atlas of high resolution
 CCD camera with 5m spatial
resolution,20km swath
 Measures the solar radiations reflected or
scattered from the moon’s surface
 Data transfer rate is around 50Mbps

2. HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGER(HySI)
 Designed to obtain data for mapping of
minerals on the moon’s surface as well
as in its interior
 CCD camera,80m resolution,20km swath
 Helps in improving the already available
information on the mineral composition
of the lunar surface
 INDIAN PAYLOADS

3.LUNAR LASER RANGING INSTRUMENT

 To determine the height difference between
the spacecraft & the lunar surface
 Works on Time of Flight(TOF) Principle
 Elevation map helps in studying the
morphology of large basins and other lunar
features
 Density distribution of the crust can also be
studied

4.HIGH ENERGY X-RAY SPECTROMETER

 Uses cadmium-zinc-telluride detector in the
hard X-Ray region from 30-270keV
 To characterise various lunar terrains for
their chemical and radioactive
composition(mainly 238U and 232Th)
 To explore the possibility of thick water ice
deposit at the lunar poles
 INDIAN PAYLOADS

5. MOON IMPACT PROBE

 To develop technologies required for
impacting a probe at the desired location
on the Moon.
 Qualify technologies required for future
soft landing missions.
 Scientific exploration of the Moon from
close range.
 Contains 3 main instruments:
1)Radar Altimeter- Measures altitude of MIP
2)Video Imaging System- Captures
images of lunar surface during descent at
close range
3)Mass Spectrometer- Measure the
constituents of teneous lunar atmosphere
during descent
 PAYLOADS FROM ABROAD

1. Chandrayaan-1 Imaging X-Ray 2. Smart Near Infrared

Spectrometer(C1XS)(India-UK) Spectrometer(SIR-2)(Germany)

Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser(SARA) Radiation Dose

(India-Sweden) Monitor(RADOM)(Bulgaria)
 PAYLOADS FROM ABROAD
(The NASA Instruments carried by Chandrayaan-1)

5. Mini Synthetic Aperture Reader 6. Moon Minerology Mapper(M3)

(MiniSAR)
PAYLOAD INTEGRATION
 THE SPACECRAFT
Shape: Cuboid
Weight: 1380kg(Launch),
675kg(Lunar Orbit)
3-Axis stabilised Spacecraft
2 Star Sensors,Gyros & 4
Reaction Wheels
Power Generation:
•Canted Single Sided Solar Array
•750W peak power
•During eclipse, the Spacecraft
will be powered by Li-Ion
Batteries
Propulsion:
•Bipropellant Integrated
Propulsion System
•Carries required propellant for a
mission life of 2 years
 INDIA KEEPS ‘DATE’ WITH THE MOON

Chandrayaan-1 on PSLV-C11 at the Second Launch Pad at Sathish Dhawan Space

Centre, SHAR,Sriharikota
 THE JOURNEY
2008
October 22,6:22AM: The Launch
After circling the Earth in its
initial orbit, the Spacecraft was
taken to 5 more elliptical orbits-
37900,74715,164600,267000 and
380000km
This was done by Liquid Apogee
Motor(LAM)
During this time, TMC and
RADOM were switched on
November 8:Enters lunar orbit
November 12:Reaches its
intended operational lunar orbit of
about 100km
November 14,8:30PM:MIP
carrying the Indian Tricolour
impacted the lunar surface
December 2008:All the payloads
are switched on and tested
 MOON IMPACT PROBE’S LANDING ON THE LUNAR SURFACE
 Perfectly ejected at 8:06PM,
November 14
 Descended at a speed of 1.6km/min
 Crashed on the Shackleton Crater
on the lunar South Pole at 8:31PM
 Video Camera took pictures of the
Moon
 MIP died a few seconds after crash
landing on the Moon

Images of the Moon’s surface

captured by MIP
 THE GROUND SEGMENT
3 major elements:
1)Indian Deep Space
Network(IDSN)
Situated at Byalalu,near
Bangalore
Receives Spacecraft health
data as well as payload data
Makes use of 32m and 18m
antennas

2)Mission Operations
Complex
Situated at Bangalore
Nerve Centre of the Moon
Mission
The data received is used to
check the functioning of
elements
Commands for operations
 THE GROUND SEGMENT
3)Indian Space Science Data
Centre(ISSDC)
 Payload data received is
transferred to ISSDC for further
processing
 Primary data centre for
payload archives

Other components:
4)Network Control Centre:
Remote monitoring and control
of all ground stations
5)Payload Operations Centre
 Higher levels of science data
processing
 Planning of payload
operations External Network Stations
 Performance assessment
 IMAGES FROM MOON

3D Image captured by M3
 ADIEU, CHANDRAYAAN-1….
• The radiation environment around the Moon turned out to be more hostile than
expected.
• As a result of these problems, ISRO opted in May to move the spacecraft
farther away from the Moon(increase the orbit from 100km to 200km), using
gyroscopes.
• The solar radiations strike Chandrayaan-1
• The two star sensors of Chandrayaan fail because of high temperature.
• The sensors are crucial in determining the orientation of the craft in space.
• The first star sensor packed up on April 26, and even the back-up sensor failed
during the second week of May.
• Despite the failure of the star sensors, Chandrayaan-1 transmitted excellent
images including that of the solar eclipse on July 22.
• Also at 12.30am on August 21, it flew along with Nasa's Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter (LRO) for four minutes to detect water ice in the north pole of the moon.
• But worse was to follow. At 1.30am on August 29, communication with the
spacecraft snapped all of a sudden.
• The mission was formally called off on August 30 by ISRO.
 A DISAPPOINTMENT??
• The technology objectives of the mission were to fly the spacecraft 400,000 km
to the moon, inserting it into the lunar orbit and placing the Indian tricolour on
the lunar surface – 100% Success
• The scientific objectives were chemical and mineralogical mapping of the lunar
surface using sophisticated sensors, conducting high-resolution remote-
sensing of the moon and prepare a 3-D atlas of the near and far sides of the
moon – 90-95% Success

• During the 10 months in space, Chandrayaan has completed 3,400 orbits in 312
days and transmitted volumes of data from sophisticated scientific instruments
such as terrain mapping camera, hyper-spectral imager and moon mineralogy
mapper.
• Chandrayaan's high-resolution cameras relayed over 70,000 digital images of
the moon, providing breathtaking views of mountains and craters, including
those in the permanently shadowed area of the moon's polar region.
• Top international space scientists Monday lauded India's maiden lunar mission
for the excellent quality of the data sent by Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft
• ISRO chairman Madhavan Nair commented: “We will have to face the reality but
we will have a better opportunity tomorrow.”
 INDIA’S FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS

• Chandrayaan-II , a land and rover mission to the Moon in 2012

• An unmanned mission to the Mars by 2013-15
• An Indian astronaut will go on a space mission on a Russian
spacecraft in 2013
• This will be followed by an Indian manned mission to space in 2015
• Manned Moon missions are also under serious consideration, which
will land Indians on the Earth's natural satellite after 2020.
Questions???