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Global System for Mobile

Communication Overview

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Overview
Introduction Evolution of Mobile communication Multiple Access Technologies Features of GSM GSM System Architecture Wireless coverage area structure Functional layers of GSM
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Introduction
Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it was in the 1980s that it was really developed.

The main goal of mobile communication is to realize communication among any objects at any time, and in any place.

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Evolution of Mobile Communication

Land cellular mobile communication system (PLMN) has gone through 3 stages: 1. First Generation ---Analog Mobile Telephone System 2. Second Generation---Digital Mobile Communication System 3. Third Generation---IMT-2000

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Analog Mobile Telephone System Adopts cellular networking technology. Currently practical, high capacity systems worldwide includes: 1North-Americans AMPS 2North Europeans NMT-450/900 3Britains TACS

Operating frequency bands locate around 450MHz and 900MHz with carrier spacing less than 30 kHz.

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Analog Mobile Telephone System

Analog cellular mobile communication system has following fatal weaknesses: A) There is no public air interface between various systems; B) It can not adapt itself to the digitization of fixed networks, and digital bearer services are hard to develop;

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C) It has a low frequency availability, thus unable to meet large capacity requirements; D) It has a low degree of safety, thus easy to be eavesdropped, and easy to be copied with false handsets. Analog cellular mobile communication system has been replaced by digital cellular mobile communication in China.

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Digital Mobile Comm. System

Due to the various defects of analog systems such as TACS, mobile telephone systems were developed in the 1990s embodied by digital transmission, TDMA and narrow-band CDMA, which are called the Second generation mobile telephone system.

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Types of TDMA Systems

The comparatively mature and most typical system in the TDMA series are: the pan-European GSM, American D-AMPS and the Japanese PDC. 1DAMPS was formally launched into commercial application in 1993 after the American Electronic Industry Association (EIA) completed its technical standardization in 1989).

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2Japanese JDC (now renamed as PDC) had its technical standards completed in 1990. It was put into service in 1993, but is restricted to Japan only. 3The special mobile communication group (SMG) of CEPT laid down the phase 1 standard of GSM in 1988, with the working frequency band around 900MHz. It was launched into commercial use in 1990.

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N-CDMA System

The NCDMA (Narrow band Code Division Multiple Access) system is a mobile communication system developed mainly by companies leaded by the Quacomm Co. on basis of IS95. The specifications of North American digital cellular systems are drawn up by the American Telecom Industry Association (TIA). This system has been adopted by China Unicom in 2001.

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Third Generation - IMT-2000 With the ever-lasting increase in subscribers and the development of digital communications, the second generation mobile telephone systems has gradually exposed its shortcomings:

Narrow bandwidth: unable to provide various broadband information services such as high-speed data and television pictures.

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 With the development of sciences and technologies as well as communication services, what is needed is an integrated service system that can integrate all current mobile telephone system functions and provide multiple services.

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Features of IMT-2000
Including multiple systems; With a high degree of consistency in worldwide design; Compatibility between IMT-2000 services and fixed networks; High quality; Small portable terminals used worldwide.

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MULTIPLE ACCESS

Transmission

Medium

MultiplexingMultiplex Access TechnologyTransmit two or more voice signals through one pair of cables without mutual interference at the same time.
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FDMA

Time
USER USER USER

FDMA

Frequency

Each carrier frequency equals one traffic channel Voice is transmitted continuously in time domain

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TDMA

Time

USER3
USER2 USER1 Frequency

Increase frequency spectrum efficiency Voice is transmitted uncontinuously in time domain System synchronous is very import

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CDMA
Code Time USER3 USER2 USER1

CDMA

Frequency

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Large capacity High voice quality Soft hand-over Low sensitive to radio fading
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FDMA---Different user use different frequency TACSAMPS TDMA---Different user use different time slot of one frequency GSMDAMPS CDMA---Different user use same frequency at the same time,but with different spreading code Large capacity: 8 -10 times than AMPS and 4-6 times than GSM
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FDMA
Power

TDMA
Power

CDMA
Power

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Main Features of GSM (1)

(1) Spectrum efficiency: due to the adoption of highefficiency modulator, channel coding, interleaving, equalization and voice coding technologies, the system has a high spectrum efficiency. (2) Capacity: due to the increase of the transmission bandwidth of each channel, the requirement of cochannel reuse carrier-to-interference ratio is lowered to 9dB,

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So,the cofrequency reuse mode of the GSM system can be narrowed down to 4/12 or 3/9 or even less (for a analog system, it is 7/21). GSM system capacity is 3~5 times higher than that of a TACS system.

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(3) Voice quality: due to digital transmission technology, GSM system has a strong antiinterference capability compared with analog system, thus the voice quality is guaranteed.

(4) Interfaces openness: the open interfaces provided by GSM standards refer not only to air interface (Um), but also A interface.

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(5) Security: security is guaranteed with authentification, encryption and TMSI. (6) Interconnection with ISDN, PSTN, etc.: interconnections with other networks normally use the existing standard interfaces, such as ISUP or TUP. (7) Roaming: roaming is realized on basis of SIM cards.

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GSM System Architecture

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Block Diagram of GSM System

OMC

Um interface Abis interface

B T S

ISDN MSC/VLR PLMN PSTN B T S PSPDN

MS

BSC
BSS(1) SC HLR/AUC EIR

BSS n Fig.1-1 GSM Mobile Communication Network Structure

A interface

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BSS: Base Station Subsystem BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station MSC: Mobile Services Switching Center OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center AUC: Authentication Center EIR: Equipment Identification Register

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HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register MS: Mobile Station ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network PSPDN: Packet Switched Public DataNetwork PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

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Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

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Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The Network and Switching Sub-system mainly includes switching functions of the GSM system, and database functions used for subscriber data and mobility management as well as safety management. It manages the communications among GSM mobile subscribers and those between GSM mobile subscribers and other communication network subscribers.

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NSS Architecture

The network sub-system is divided into six function units: Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentification Center (AUC) Equipment Identification Register (EIR) Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

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Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

As the core of a network, MSC provides switching functions, and connects mobile subscribers with fixed network subscribers, or with mobile subscribers. Thus, it provides interfaces to fixed networks (such as PSTN, ISDN, etc.) and interfaces for interconnection with other MSCs.

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Functions of MSC MSC obtains all the data for processing subscriber call requests from 3 types of databases: HLR, VLR and AUC. MSC can provides a series of services for subscribers:
- Telecom services, such as phone, fax, and emergency calls - Bearer services - Supplementary services, such as call transfer, call restriction.

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Visitor Location RegisterVLR

VLR stores all related information of mobile subscribers having entering into its coverage area, which enables MSC to set up incoming/outgoing calls. It can be taken as a dynamic subscriber database. VLR obtains and stores necessary data from the HLR of a mobile subscriber. Once a mobile subscriber leaves the coverage area of this VLR, it will be reregistered in another VLR, the temporarily recorded data of this mobile subscriber stored in the original VLR will be deleted.
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Home Location RegisterHLR As the central database of the GSM system, HLR stores the related data of all existing mobile subscribers controlled by the same HLR. One HLR can control several mobile switching areas or the whole mobile communication network and the important static data of all subscribers are stored in the HLR, including MSISDN,IMSI, access capability, subscriber type and supplementary services. Furthermore, HLR also stores the location information of all subscribers, so that any incoming call is immediately sent to the called subscriber on a selected path.

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Authentication CenterAUC As a function unit of HLR, AUC is specially used for security management of the GSM system. AUC stores authentication information and encryption keys for subscriber authentication, encryption of voice, data, signaling messages on radio interfaces, preventing unauthorized subscribers access and guaranteeing the safety of mobile subscriber communication.

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Equipment Identification RegisterEIR EIR stores the international mobile equipment identifier (IMEI) of mobile equipment. By checking 3 types of lists, i.e., white lists, black lists, and gray lists, it respectively lists the mobile equipment identifiers that are authorized, that should be monitored in case of faults, and that are unauthorized in case of theft. Service operators can use such information to locate the location of a stolen mobile station and block it.
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BSS System Architecture

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ZXG-10 BSS Structure

BTS BIE MS Um interface Abis interface BSC BIE OMC

Q3 interface

TC: TransCoder SM: SubMultiplexing

BIE: Base station Interface Equipment

BTS

SM

SM TC Ater interface

MSC A interface

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Base Station Controller (BSC) As the control part of BSS, BSC performs the switching function in BSS. BSC may be connected with multiple BTSs at one end, and MSC and OMC at the other end. BSC mainly manages radio network and radio resources, supervises and manages radio base station, controls the establishment, connection and disconnection of radio links in MS and BTS and the location updating, hand-over and paging of mobile station, provides functions such as voice encoding, transcoding, rate adaptation, as well as the operation and maintenance functions of BSS.
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Base Transceiver Station (BTS) It is the radio tranmission part of the base station system. Controlled by BSC, it serves cell radio transceiver equipment, handles conversion between BSC and radio channels, and performs radio transmission between BTS and MS via air interfaces as well as related control functions.

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Mobile Station

Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber. On any mobile station in the system, we can identify the subscriber with the SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module). The personal identification number (PIN) can be used to prevent unauthorized use of the SIM card.

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 Each mobile station has its own identification number, i.e., the International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI). IMEI mainly consists of the type permission code and the related manufacturer product number. Each mobile subscriber has its own international mobile subscriber identifier (IMSI), which is stored in the SIM card and in HLR.

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TransCoder (TC) TC mainly completes voice conversion between the 16kbit/s RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excited Long-Term Prediction) codes and 64kbit/s A-law PCM codes. In a typical application pattern, ZXG10-TC is located between MSC and BSC.

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Wireless Coverage Area Structure

GSM service area

PLMN service area MSC Service area Location area cell

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Functional Layers of GSM

Service carrier

OAM

Subscriber

CM MM RR Transmission

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 Transmission:

data transmission function, providing methods of carrying subscriber data and transmitting signalings between different entities in various segments along the communication path.

RR: radio resources management. setting up and

releasing stable connections between mobile stations and MSC at the call setup stage, which is mainly performed by MS and BSC.Such as: assignment a channel ,handover,system informations ,measurment report.
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 MM: refers to mobility and safety management, mobile station processing -- environment changing, making choices of cells possibly belonging to different networks, so that the calling subscriber is able to set up a valid process; infrastructures are required to manage subscriber location data (location updating), authentification.

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 CM: refers to communication management, i.e., under subscriber requests, setting up connections between subscribers, maintaining and releasing calls (which can be divided into CC - call control, SSM - supplementary service management, and SMS - short messages service); OAM: Operation, Administration and Maintenance platform, providing operation methods for operators. The service is supplied by the transmission layer directly.

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Characteristics of Mobile Communication

Mobility flexible and convenientglobal personal communication Poor environment and conditions Co-channel interference, multi-path(space and time), power change and other noise Multiple MS and channels Interference near and far effect Limit of frequency resources Reliability is important registration, handoff, switching
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Frequency Reuse Factor

If Frequency reuse factor is 1; network design and expanding become much easier Ex: CDMA
AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS
1 3 1 Users 2 3 7 1 6 4 5

30

30

Vulnerability: C/I @ 17 dB 10 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

GSM 8 Users
Vulnerability: C/I @ 12-14 dB 1 4 200 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 2 3

CDMA 20 Users
1250 kHz

Vulnerability: Eb/No @ 6--7 dB

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1
1

1 1

1 1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

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Evolution of Mobile Communication System

1G Analog cellular Voice AMPS TACS 80 2G Digital cellular Voice /data CDMA GSM 1992 1XRtt GPRS 1999 3G Digital cellular Vioce / high speed data CDMA2000 W_CDMA 20 01 2003

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System TACS: Total Access Communication System GPRS: General Packet Radio Services
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