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Submitted by:Avinash Kumar Roll-49 ME M (2010-14) Submitted to :Mr. Vjay Kumar Asst. Prof. (MECHANICAL DEPT.)
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CONTENTS
Introduction Classification Of various heat treatment. Microstructure of steel and iron Heat Treatment Processes Chemical Heat treatment process
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ferrite
pearlite
martensite
3. Pearlite:- It is a mixture of ferrite and cementite, and is found in low and medium carbon steels. 4. Austenite:- The solid solution of iron carbide(Fe3C) in -iron is known as austenite. 5. Bainite:- It is a mixture of ferrite and cementite having finer crystals then paralite. 6. Martensite:- it is the hardest constituent of steel and has needle like structure. 8
Reaction at Eutectoid point:The Eutectoid temperature is 723 C and Eutectoid composition 0.83% carbon.
Reaction at Eutectic Point:The eutectic temperature is 1175 C and composition is 4.3% of carbon.
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TTT CURVE
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Pearlite
Martensite
Reheat
Bainite
Tempered Material
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Process:1. 2.
Hardening
3.
4.
Steel is heated to a temperature above its critical range. It is held at this temperature for a considerable time and then allowed to cool by quenching in water or brine solution. On heating above the critical temperature, the basic structure changes into austenite which contain considerable part of cementite. On rapid cooling this austenite changes into martensite that imparts hardness. 14
OBJECTIVE:1. To improve the strength of steel. 2. To develop hardness in the metal to resist wear, abrasion and to enable it to cut other metals.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE HARDNESS:(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Carbon content Quenching rate. Quenching medium Work size
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Effect of quenching Rate: The hardness in steel depends on the quenching rate, a very rapid quenching is necessary to harden low and medium plain carbon steels. Quenching in water bath is commonly employed For high carbon steel and alloy steels, oil is generally used as quenching medium. The structure obtained with different rates of cooling differ in appearance and properties like tensile strength, hardness, yield point etc. Faster the cooling rate greater is the hardness of steel. 16
Water Oil
Air
7-9
10-12
20-30
10-12
800
500
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Tempering
Process : Tempering is the essential process performed after hardening. This process involves reheating of the hardened steel to a certain temperature below lower critical temperature followed by a slow cooling rate. Reheating permits partial transformation of martensite, and relieving of the internal stresses. With the increasing tempering temperature, breakdown of martensite occurs at faster rate.
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Purpose Of Tempering:(i) It reduces brittleness of hardened steel. (ii) It increase ductility. (iii) It relives internal stresses. (iv) It improves toughness of steel. There are some special tempering process:1. Austempering:-
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2. Mar tempering:-
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Annealing
PROCESS:1. Heating of steel above the critical temperatures, and holding it there about 1hr. 2. It is then allow to cool slowly in the furnace at the rate of 30 to 50 C/hr. 3. On cooling steel changes to ferrite and pearlite in case of hypoeutectoid steels, and into pearlite and cementite for hypereutectoid steels.
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Purpose :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It softens the metal. It improves ductility of steel. It enhances machinablity It refines the grain structure. Internal stresses, if any, are also relived.
(ii) Full annealing
Normalizing
PROCESS:It is a process of heating steel 40 to 50 C above the upper critical temperature. Then holding it for certain duration and then allow it to cool in the surrounding air.
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PURPOSE:1. 2. 3. To refine the grain structure completely. To improve the machinablity. To eliminate any leftover internal stresses. To increase the strength of medium carbon steel. To maintain granular homogeneity. To enhance the toughness
4.
5. 6.
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Component is immersed in a bath of sodium cyanide(NaCN) at about 400 C. It increases the Fatigue limit of steel.
3. Nitriding: The process involves heating of steel to about 650 C and holding it in the atmosphere of ammonia(NH3) The nitrogen from ammonia penetrates into the surface of steel and forms very hard nitrides on the surface. Objective:1. It improves corrosion resistance.
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2. It provides very high hardness. 3. Components need not to be machined after the process. 4. Any other heat treatment is not required to be done. 5. Scale formation does not occur.
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REFRENCES
1. Material science and engineering (Dr. K.M GUPTA) 2. Production technology (RK Jain) 3. Callisters Material science engineering
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