Akm205 Boyut Analizi

AKM 205
AKIKANLAR MEKAN
Yrd.Do.Dr. Onur Tuner
stanbul Teknik niversitesi
BOYUT ANALZ
Outline
A. Whats the secret of being a Scientist or an Engineer?
B. What are Units and Dimensions anyway?
C. What is Dimensional Analysis and why should I care?
D. Why arent there any mice in the Polar Regions?
E. Why was Gulliver driven out of Lillipute?
F. What if Pythagorus had known Dimensional Analysis?
G. But what do I really need to know about Dimensional
Analysis so that I can pass the test?
H. Can I get into trouble with Dimensional Analysis? The
ballad of G.I. Taylor.
I. But can it be used in the Lab ?

How to be a Scientist or Engineer
The steps in understanding and/or control any
physical phenomena is to

1. Identify the relevant physical variables.
2. Relate these variables using the known
physical laws.
3. Solve the resulting equations.
Secret #1: Usually not all of these are
possible. Sometimes none are.
ALL IS NOT LOST BECAUSE OF
Physical laws must be independent of
arbitrarily chosen units of measure. Nature
does not care if we measure lengths in
centimeters or inches or light-years or
Check your units! All natural/physical
relations must be dimensionally correct.
Secret #2: Dimensional Analysis
Rationale
Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis refers to
the physical nature of the
quantity and the type of unit
(Dimension) used to specify it.
Distance has dimension L.
Area has dimension L
2
.

Volume has dimension L
3
.
Time has dimension T.
Speed has dimension L/T
Why are there no small animals in
the polar regions?
Heat Loss Surface Area (L
2
)

Mass Volume (L
3
)

Heat Loss/Mass Area/Volume
= L
2
/ L
3

= L
-1

Heat Loss/Mass Area/Volume
= L
2
/ L
3

= L
-1

Mouse (L = 5 cm)
1/L = 1/(0.05 m)
= 20 m
-1
Polar Bear (L = 2 m)
1/L = 1/(2 m)

= 0.5 m
-1

20 : 0.5 or 40 : 1
Gullivers Travels: Dimensional Analysis
Gulliver was 12x the Lilliputians
How much should they feed him?
12x their food ration?
A persons food needs are
related to their mass
(volume) This depends
on the cube of the linear
dimension.
Gulliver is 12x taller than the
Lilliputians, L
G
=12 L
L

Now V
G
(L
G
)
3
and V
L
(L
L
)
3
, so

V
G
/ V
L
= (L
G
)
3
/ (L
L
)
3

= (12 L
L
)
3
/ (L
L
)
3

= 12
3

= 1728
Gulliver needs to be fed 1728
times the amount of food each
day as the Lilliputians.

Let L
G
and V
G
denote Gullivers linear and volume dimensions.
Let L
L
and V
L
denote the Lilliputians linear and volume dimensions.

This problem has direct relevance to drug dosages in humans
Dimensions of Some Common
Physical Quantities
[x], Length L
[m], Mass M
[t], Time T
[v], Velocity LT
-1

[a], Acceleration LT
-2
[F], Force MLT
-2

[], Mass Density ML
-3
[P], Pressure ML
-1
T
-2
[E], Energy ML
2
T
-2
[I], Electric Current QT
-1
[q], Electric Change Q

[E], Electric Field - MLQT
-2
All are powers of the fundamental dimensions:

[Any Physical Quantity] = M
a
L
b
T
c
Q
d
Dimensional Analysis Theorems
Dimensional Homogeneity Theorem: Any
physical quantity is dimensionally a power law
monomial - [Any Physical Quantity] = M
a
L
b
T
c
Q
d

Buckingham Pi Theorem: If a system has k
physical quantities of relevance that depend on
depend on r independent dimensions, then there
are a total of k-r independent dimensionless
products t
1
, t
2
, , t
k-r
. The behavior of the
system is describable by a dimensionless equation
F(t
1
, t
2
, , t
k-r
)=0
Exponent Method
1. List all k variables involved in the problem
2. Express each variables in terms of [M] [L] [T ] dimensions
(r)
3. Determine the required number of dimensionless
parameters (k r)
4. Select a number of repeating variables = r
(All dimensions must be included in this set and each
repeating variable must be independent of the others.)
5. Form a dimensionless parameter t by multiplying one of
the non-repeating variables by the product of the
repeating variables, each raised to an unknown
exponent.
6. Solved for the unknown exponents.
7. Repeat this process for each non-repeating variable
8. Express result as a relationship among the dimensionless
parameters F(t
1
, t
2,
t
3,
) = 0.
G. I. Taylors 1947 Analysis
Published U.S.
Atomic Bomb
was 18 kiloton
device
Nuclear Explosion Shock Wave

r = f (E,,t)
5 / 1 5 / 2 5 / 1
5 / 1 5 / 2 5 / 1
1
3 2 2 0 0 0
1
5
2
2 0 :
5
1
3 2 1 0 :
0 :
) ( ) ( ) )( (
) (

= =
= + =
= + =
= + =
=
=
t
t
t E
R
t RE
b b a T
a c a L
a c c a M
ML T T ML L T L M
t E r
c b a
c b a
The propagation of a nuclear
explosion shock wave depends on: E,
r, , and t.
n = 4 No. of variables
r = 3 No. of dimensions
n r = 1 No. of dimensionless parameters
Select repeating variables:
E, t, and
Combine these with the rest of the
variables: r
E r t
ML
2
T
-2
ML
-3
L T
= =
= =
5 / 1 5 / 2 5 / 1
5 / 1 5 / 2 5 / 1
1 1
0 ) (
t t
t E C R C
t E
R
C F
5 / 1
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Et
C R
= 1 kg/m
3

R = (E/)
1/5
t
2/5

log R = 0.4 log t +0.2 log(E/ )
0.2 log(E/ ) = 1.56

E = 7.9x10
13
J
= 19.8 kilotons TNT
Blast Radius vs Time
log R = 0.4058 log t + 1.5593
1
2
3
-2 -1 0 1 2
log (t)
l
o
g
(
R
)
Dimensional Analysis in the Lab
Want to study pressure drop as
function of velocity (V
1
) and
diameter (d
o
)
Carry out numerous experiments
with different values of V
1
and d
o

and plot the data
5 parameters:
Ap, , V
1
, d
1
, d
o
2 dimensionless parameter groups:
AP/(V
2
/2), (d
1
/d
o
)
p
1
p
0
V
1
A
1
V
0
A
0
Much easier to establish functional relations with 2 parameters, than 5
AP V
1
d
1
d
2

ML
-1
T
-2
ML
-3
LT
-1
L L
Flow Similarity and Model Testing
Geometrical similarity: similar geometry.
Kinematic similarity: flow pattern around the model should be similar to...
Dynamical similarity: forces acting on the model should be similar to the real
object to be analyzed.
Flight test of a F-18 model in NASA 11 ft
transonic (Mach .4-1.5) wind tunnel
NASA NFAC Wind Tunnel
Nature of Dimensional Analysis
Example: Drag on a Sphere
Drag depends on FOUR parameters:
sphere size (D); speed (V); fluid density (); fluid viscosity ()
Difficult to know how to set up experiments to determine dependencies
Difficult to know how to present results (four graphs?)
Only one dependent and one independent variable
Easy to set up experiments to determine dependency
Easy to present results (one graph)
Buckingham Pi Theorem
Step 1:
List all the dimensional parameters involved

Let n be the number of parameters

Example: For drag on a sphere, F, V, D, , , and n = 5
Step 2
Select a set of fundamental (primary) dimensions

For example MLt, or FLt

Example: For drag on a sphere choose MLt
Step 3
List the dimensions of all parameters in terms of primary dimensions

Let r be the number of primary dimensions

Example: For drag on a sphere r = 3
Step 4
Select a set of r dimensional parameters that includes all the primary dimensions

Example: For drag on a sphere (m = r = 3) select , V, D
Step 5
Set up dimensional equations, combining the parameters selected in Step 4 with
each of the other parameters in turn, to form dimensionless groups

There will be n m equations

Example: For drag on a sphere
Step 5 (Continued)

Step 6
Check to see that each group obtained is dimensionless

Significant Dimensionless Groups in
Fluid Mechanics
Reynolds Number
Mach Number
Fluid Mechanics
Froude Number
Weber Number
Fluid Mechanics
Euler Number
Cavitation Number
Flow Similarity and Model Studies
Geometric Similarity
Model and prototype have same shape
Linear dimensions on model and prototype correspond
within constant scale factor
Kinematic Similarity
Velocities at corresponding points on model and prototype
differ only by a constant scale factor
Dynamic Similarity
Forces on model and prototype differ only by a constant
scale factor

For dynamic similarity
then
Incomplete Similarity
Sometimes (e.g., in aerodynamics) complete
similarity cannot be obtained, but
phenomena may still be successfully
modelled
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
Example: Centrifugal Pump
Pump Head
Pump Power
Head Coefficient
Power Coefficient
(Negligible Viscous Effects)
If then
Specific Speed
39
Cantilever Beam
L
P
b
h
Buckinghams Theorem:
2
( , , , )
L L P
f v
L h b Eh
o
=
40
Fracture Mechanics
0 1 1 0
1 0 3/ 2 0
Ic
D P K
F
L
v
( , , )
Ic
D D P K v =
Propose:
3/ 2
( ) ( )
k m n
L F FL v
=
k m n
Ic
P K v
Rayleighs Procedure:
for dimensional consistency
41
Fracture Mechanics
2/3
( )
Ic
P
D f
K
v
| |
=
|
\ .
42
0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 2 0
a R P E
F
L
v
( , , , ) a a R P E v =
Propose:
2
( ) ( )
k m n o
L L F FL v
=
2a
P
Hertz Contact
k m n o
R P E v
R
43
Beam Buckling
2
cr
EI
P
L
Dimensional analysis will show:

Instability problems will typically have larger constants of proportionality,
usually powers of 2 or t, what about the beams above?
44
Analysis of Falling Dominoes
I, m
V
d
0
1 2
2
0
( , )
V V I
f
V md
gd
=
Result:
V
0

45
Analysis of Tumbling Card
A flat paper strip having an aspect ratio two
or more will fall in about a 1:1 glide ratio A.
M. O. Smith, 1953
Result:
m
1/ 2
2
gm
const
c
e
| |
=
|
\ .
Neglect: viscosity, c/s
ratio
46
Analysis of Tumbling Card

1/ 2
2
gm
c
e
| |
|
\ .
47
Dead Mans Dive
The dive coach claims that a man who holds himself rigid as he
topples from a 3-meter diving board will execute a successful
dive. How is this result changed for a small boy?
48
Dead Mans Dive
l
h
g Rotation=Nt
0 2 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
T
L
M
m g h l N
g and m cannot
appear in pis, thus
3-1=2 pis
49
Dead Mans Dive
l
h
g Rotation=Nt
) (N f
l
h
=
Thus, for the small boy to make a perfect dive, the board
height must be reduced
Coach says for N=1, h/l=0.6, i.e for l=3m, h=5ft-10in.
50
Dead Mans Dive
l
h
g Rotation=u= Nt
Rigid body dynamics analysis- pivot then free fall
72 212deg
88 182
90 180
h
in
u
7ft, 6in man executes
perfect dive, mass
distribution off
51
Analysis of Rowing Records
McMahon (1979) has shown that, using
dimensional analysis, that the speed of a racing
shell varies as the 1/9 power of the number of
oarsmen. This is in excellent agreement with
championship times for 1, 2, 4, and 8 man boats.
Show this assuming the following: all boats and
their positions in the water are geometrically
similar, the boat weight per oarsmen w
b
is
constant, each oarsman contributes power P
o

and weight w
o
, the only drag is due to skin
friction, which is proportional to the wetted area
and the square of the speed
52
L
h~L
h~L
b~L
side view
end view
53

|
|
.
|
\
|
+

+
3 / 2 2
1/3
3 / 1
3
and
) (
o w
w
o b
o
w w w o b o
N L A
w w
N L
L A L w w N

Archimedes's
Principle
Energy
Balance
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

= =
9 / 1
3 / 1 3 / 1
2
o
o
w
o o
w
o o skin
N
P
A
P N
V
V V A
P N V F E

54
(data from 64 and 68 Olympics and two other
events)
McMahon, T.A., Rowing: a
Similarity Analysis, Science,
173, pgs. 349-351.
55
Splattering Raindrop
2 / 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
a
U
o
When a drop of ink strikes a piece of paper at sufficiently
low speed, surface tension keeps it round, so it makes a
circular spot. As the impact speed is increased, dynamic
forces overcome the smoothing effect of surface tension,
the splattering drop becomes unstable, and it forms a
spiked star shape.
surface tension
=drop radius
=density
=speed at impact
a
U
o
=
56
Analysis of Weight Lifting Records
In a 1973 Stanford seminar on Mathematics applied to
athletics, J. B. Keller pointed out that there is no need to divide
weight lifters into classes. Assuming that the strength of a
muscle varies as it cross sectional area, he deduced that the
weight a man can lift varies as a fractional power of his own
weight
Class Weight (lbs) Lifted (lbs)
Bantam 123 740
Featherweight 132 795
Lightweight 148 820
Light- heavyweight 181 1025
Middle-heavyweight 198 1055
242- lb 242 1135
Heavyweight --- 1280
57
2
1
0
2
1
Assume
CW A C S
W
A
A AH W
onstant c
2
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
A
H
58
Class Weight (lbs) Lifted (lbs) S=71.15W
1/2
% Diff
Bantam 123 740 790 6.8
Featherweight 132 795 818 2.9
Lightweight 148 820 867 5.7
Light- heavyweight 181 1025 959 6.4
Middle-heavyweight 198 1055 1001 5.8
242- lb 242 1135 1106 2.6
Heavyweight --- 1280 ---
C
avg
=71.15
How much did heavyweight weigh? 323 lbs.
Nondimensionalization of the NSE
We define nondimensional variables, using the scaling
parameters in Table 10-1

To plug the nondimensional variables into the NSE, we need
to first rearrange the equations in terms of the dimensional
variables
Now we substitute into the NSE to obtain

Every additive term has primary dimensions {m
1
L
-2
t
-
2
}. To nondimensionalize, we multiply every term by
L/(V
2
), which has primary dimensions {m
-1
L
2
t
2
}, so
that the dimensions cancel. After rearrangement,
Terms in [ ] are nondimensional parameters
Strouhal number Euler number Inverse of Froude
number squared
Inverse of Reynolds
number
Navier-Stokes equation in nondimensional form
Nondimensionalization vs. Normalization
NSE are now nondimensional, but not necessarily normalized. What is
the difference?
Nondimensionalization concerns only the dimensions of the equation
- we can use any value of scaling parameters L, V, etc.
Normalization is more restrictive than nondimensionalization. To
normalize the equation, we must choose scaling parameters L,V, etc.
that are appropriate for the flow being analyzed, such that all
nondimensional variables are of order of magnitude unity, i.e., their
minimum and maximum values are close to 1.0.
If we have properly normalized the NSE, we can compare the relative importance of the
terms in the equation by comparing the relative magnitudes of the nondimensional
parameters St, Eu, Fr, and Re.
Creeping Flow
To simplify NSE, assume St ~ 1, Fr ~ 1

Since
Pressure
forces
Viscous
forces
Creeping Flow
This is important
Very different from inertia dominated flows where

Density has completely dropped out of NSE. To
demonstrate this, convert back to dimensional form.

This is now a LINEAR EQUATION which can be solved for
simple geometries.
Creeping Flow
Solution of Stokes flow is beyond the scope of this
course.
Analytical solution for flow over a sphere gives a drag
coefficient which is a linear function of velocity V and
viscosity m.

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