Water-Borne Diseases:

Diarrhea Cholera

Typhoid Fever

Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food

DIARRHEA
Defined as passage of abnormally liquid or

unformed stools at an increases frequency. Diarrhea may be further defined - acute if <2 weeks - persistent if 2-4 weeks, - chronic if >4weeks

CAUSES
Diarrhea commonly results from gastroenteritis

caused by viral infections, parasites or bacterial toxins. Ample food and a supply of clean water, an otherwise healthy patient usually recovers from viral infections in a few days. However, for ill or malnourished individuals diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration and can become lifethreatening without treatment. Diarrhea can also be a symptom of more serious diseases, such as dysentery , cholera , or botulism , and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as Cohn's disease or severe mushroom poisoning syndromes.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Frequent, loose, watery stools

Abdominal cramps
Abdominal pain Fever Blood in the stool Bloating

TREATMENT
Antibiotics

Antibiotics may help treat diarrhea caused by bacteria or parasites. If a virus is causing your diarrhea, antibiotics won't help. Treatment to replace fluids Your doctor likely will advise you to take steps to replace the fluids and salts lost during diarrhea. For most people, replacing fluids means drinking water, juice or broth. If drinking liquids upsets your stomach or causes diarrhea, your doctor may recommend getting fluids through a vein in your arm (intravenously).

CHOLERA is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal in a matter of hours even in previously healthy people.

CAUSES
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is

usually found in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection. Common sources include: Municipal water supplies Ice made from municipal water Foods and drinks sold by street vendors Vegetables grown with water containing human wastes Raw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters polluted with sewage When a person consumes the contaminated food or water, the bacteria release a toxin in the intestines that produces severe diarrhea.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Irritability

Lethargy
Sunken eyes Dry mouth Extreme thirst, dry and shriveled skin that's slow

to bounce back when pinched into a fold, Little or no urine output Low blood pressure Irregular Heartbeat

TREATMENT
Cholera requires immediate treatment because

the disease can cause death within hours. Rehydration. Intravenous fluids. Antibiotics. Zinc supplements.

TYPHOID FEVER
Is acute, generalized infections caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphoid respectively. The main sources of infection are contaminated water or milk and, especially in urban communities, food handlers who are carriers.

CAUSES
Typhoid fever is contracted by drinking or eating the bacteria in contaminated food or water. People with acute illness can contaminate the surrounding water supply through stool, which contains a high concentration of the bacteria. Contamination of the water supply can, in turn, taint the food supply. The bacteria can survive for weeks in water.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1st week of illness Once signs and symptoms do appear, you're likely to experience:

2nd week of illness If you don't receive treatment for typhoid fever, you may enter a second stage during which you become very ill and experience:

Fever, that starts low and increases daily, often to as high as 103 or 104 F (39.4 or 40 C) Headache Weakness and fatigue Dry cough

Loss of appetite Abdominal pain Diarrhea or constipation Rash Continuing high fever Either diarrhea or severe constipation Considerable weight loss Extremely distended abdomen

3rd week of illness

4th week of illness

Improvement may come slowly during the fourth week. Your fever is likely to decrease gradually until your temperature returns to normal in another week to 10 days. But signs and symptoms can return up to two weeks after your fever has subsided.

Become delirious Lie motionless and exhausted with your eyes half-closed in what's known as the typhoid state

Life-threatening complications often develop at this time.

TREATMENT
Antibiotic therapy is the only effective treatment

for typhoid fever. Commonly prescribed antibiotics Supportive therapy Other treatment steps aimed at managing symptoms include: Drinking fluids. Eating a healthy diet.

PREVENTION
Use good environmental management. Flush or discard any stool in

the toilet and clean surrounding area using hot water and detergent. A chlorine-based disinfectant is recommended. Practice good personal hygiene. Frequent and careful hand washing is important among all age groups. Hand washing of children should be supervised. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, rubbing hands together vigorously and scrubbing all surfaces. Take food safety precautions to learn about the fundamentals of food safety so that you can protect yourself, your friends, family and people in your community. Drink properly treated water. Water from private water supplies should be routinely tested twice a year for Total Coliform and E.coli. Inorganic analysis on private water supplies should preferably be done every two to three years Do not swallow water while swimming in swimming pools, hot tubs or interactive fountains, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, streams or the ocean. Do not drink untreated water from lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, streams, or shallow wells. Do not drink tap water or use ice while travelling to a high-risk destination unless the water source has been properly treated.

END. Thank You!