CHOOSING STATISTICAL PROCEDURES FOR RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Each statistical proced re has a set o! ass "ptio#s !or its appropriate applicatio#$ I# selecti#% a"o#% proced res& a#' researcher " st there!ore co#sider a # "(er o! !actors s ch as the !ollo)i#%* +,- Ge#eral a#d Speci!ic P rpose o! Research +.- T'pe o! / estio#s0H'pothesis +1- Ge#eral T'pe o! Statistic

 Research 2 estio#s ca# (e di3ided i#to three (road t'pes* DIFFERENCE

Is A di!!ere#t !ro" B4 Is there a di!!ere#ce (et)ee# A a#d B4 Are there di!!ere#ces a"o#% A& B a#d C4

ASSOCIATIONAL +RELATIONAL Is A associated or related )ith B4 Is there a correlatio# (et)ee# A ad B4 5hat is the relatio#ship (et)ee# A a#d B4

 DESCRIPTI6E
5hat is the "ea# 3al e o! A4 5hat are the s al 3al es i# A4

GENERAL PURPOSE 7 77 SPECIFIC PURPOSE 7 77 7 T9PE OF /UESTION0 H9POTHESIS 77 GENERAL T9PE OF STATISTIC

E8PLORE RELATIONSHIP BET5EEN 6ARIABLES

DESCRIPTION +ONL9-

COMPARE GROUPS

FIND STRENGTH SUMMARI:E DATA OF ASSOCIATIONS& RELATE 6ARIABLE ASSOCIATIONAL DESCRIPTI6E

DIFFERENCE

DIFFERENCE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

ASSOCIATIONAL INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

DESCRIPTI6E STATISTICS

 Descriptive research questions. These are #ot a#s)ered )ith i#!ere#tial statistics$ The' "erel' descri(e or s ""ari;e data& )itho t tr'i#% to %e#erali;e to a lar%er pop latio# o! i#di3id als

 Difference research questions For these 2 estio#s& )e co"pare scores +o# the depe#de#t 3aria(le- o! t)o or "ore di!!ere#t %ro ps$ This t'pe o! 2 estio# atte"pts to de"o#strate that %ro ps are #ot the sa"e o# the depe#de#t 3aria(le$

 Associational research questions. For these 2 estio#s& )e associate or relate t)o or "ore 3aria(les$ This approach s all' i#3ol3es a# atte"pt to see ho) t)o or "ore 3aria(les co< 3ar' +e$%$& hi%her 3al es o# o#e 3aria(le correspo#d to hi%her or lo)er 3al es o# a#other 3aria(le !or the sa"e perso#sor ho) o#e or "ore 3aria(les e#a(les o#e to predict a#other 3aria(le

Di!!ere#ce research 2 estio#s

POPULATION , POPULATION .

E=a"ple* Di!!ere#ce (et)ee# . I#depe#de#t Gro ps Annual Income: A perso##el director !ro" Ba#%>o> clai"s that the "ea# ho sehold i#co"e is di!!ere#t i# Ba#%>o> tha# it is i# ?ho# ?ae# Cit'$ I# I# Ba#%>o>& a sa"ple o! ,@ reside#ts has a "ea# ho sehold i#co"e o! ,&ABA&CCC Baht a#d a sta#dard de3iatio# o! .BA&CCC Baht$ I# ?ho# ?ae# Cit'& a sa"ple o! ,D reside#ts has a "ea# ho sehold i#co"e o! ,&1.C&CCC Baht a#d a sta#dard de3iatio# o! ,D1&CCC Baht$ At DE si%#i!ica#ce le3el& test the # ll h'pothesis there is #o di!!ere#ce i# that the "ea# ho sehold i#co"e (et)ee# reside#ts i#

Di!!ere#ce (et)ee# . I#depe#de#t Gro ps

Group 1: Bangkok Group 2: Khon Kaen

Di!!ere#ce (et)ee# . I#depe#de#t Gro ps

Group 1: Bangkok Group 2: Khon Kaen

Di!!ere#ce (et)ee# . I#depe#de#t Gro ps

Group 1: Bangkok Group 2: Khon Kaen

t=

( x1 x2 )
2 s2 s p p + n1 n2

( x1 x2 ) n1 + n2 s n n 1 2
2 p
2 2

(n1 1) s + (n2 1) s s = (n1 + n2 2)

2 p 2 1

2 2 ( n 1 ) s + ( n 1 ) s 2 1 2 2 sp = 1 (n1 + n2 2)

(19 1)(69,696,000,000) + (15 - 1)(64,009,000,000) s = 19 + 15 2

2 p

(18)(69,696,000,000) + (14)(64,009,000,000) s = 32
2 p

s = 67,207,937,500
2 p

s = 67,207,937,500
2 p

POPULATION SAMPLE +BEFORESAMPLE +AFTERDIFFERENCE DIFFERENCEBET5EEN BET5EEN AFTER AFTERAND ANDBEFORE BEFORE COMPARE COMPARETHE THEDIFFERENCE DIFFERENCEAND ANDMA?E MA?E DECISION DECISION

eight Before !"ercise #rogram eight After !"ercise #rogram

Losing eight A # tritio#ist clai"s that a partic lar e=ercise pro%ra" )ill help participa#ts lose )ei%ht a!ter o#e "o#th$ The ta(le sho)s the )ei%hts o! ,C ad lts (e!ore participati#% i# the e=ercise pro%ra" a#d o#e "o#th a!ter participati#% i# the e=ercise pro%ra"$ At DE le3el o! si%#i!ica#ce& test the # ll h'pothesis that the e=ercise pro%ra" does #ot helps participa#ts lose )ei%ht$

E=a"ple* Di!!ere#ce (et)ee# . Depe#de#t Gro ps

$ 2% & 21 %

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2' 1() 1*% 1+ 1& 1'& 1,' 2+% 1) 1 $ & 2 ' 2+ 1,, 1+, 1* $1& 1'% 1,1 21' 1) 2 ' 2 (

Di!!ere#ce research 2 estio#s

Steps i# H'pothesis Testi#%

Step ,* State the # ll a#d alter#ati3e h'potheses Step .* Decide o# the si%#i!ica#ce le3el& +alpha Step 1* Co"p te the 3al e o! the test statistic Step A* Locate critical 3al es !ro" a ta(le Step D* Decide )hether the # ll h'pothesis