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C F
A I
D
G
B
H
LSP:
E
AB D G
I
A B C D E
23 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.1 23 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.1
• What is an LSP?
• Which mechanism determines the
path?
• What happens when IP aggregation
(summarization) is used?
A B D F
10.0.0.0/16
10.0.0.0/16
10.0.0.0/16
10.0.0.0/16
10.0.0.0/16
L=31
L=23
10.0.0.0/16
L=44
C E
1.2.3.4/32
L=54
A B D F
1.2.3.4/32
L=19
C E
1.2.3.4/32
L=pop 1.2.3.4
• RSVP creates a TE tunnel between routers A
and E.
• The new link can be included in the IGP
shortest path calculation.
• RSVP uses downstream-on-demand label
distribution.
• The tunnel creation is initiated from router A.
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. MPLS v1.0—4-16
MPLS Traffic Engineering
Example (cont.)
10.0.0.0/16
10.0.0.0/16
L=pop
A B D F
10.0.0.0/16
10.0.0.0/16
L=23
10.0
.0.0/
L=44 16
C E
A B D F
FIB: 19 44 10.1.1.1 23 10.1.1.1
10/8 44, 54
1.2.3.4 54 44 10.1.1.1
C E
FIB: FIB:
10/8 44 10/8 23
1.2.3.4 pop 1.2.3.4
LFIB: LFIB:
19 pop 44 23
5 4 4 3 4 2 1
A B C D
The TTL is
decreased and
copied back into the
TTL field of the IP MPLS Domain
header.
Label
IP TTL
MPLS Domain TTL
Routing loop
5 4 4 3 4
A B C D
2 4
1 4
0
Labeled packets are dropped when the 4
A B C D
TTL exceeded
0
traceroute 10.1.1.1
1 10 ms A.acme.com
• The first traceroute packet (ICMP or
UDP) that reaches the network is
dropped on router A.
• An ICMP TTL exceeded message is
sent to the source from router A.
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. MPLS v1.0—4-28
Traceroute with Disabled TTL
Propagation (2)
Label
IP TTL
TTL
2 255 1 254 1 1
A B C D
TTL exceeded
0
traceroute 10.1.1.1
1 10 ms A.acme.com
• The second traceroute packet that 2 10 ms D.acme.com
reaches the network is dropped on
router D.
• An ICMP TTL exceeded message is
sent to the source from router D.
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. MPLS v1.0—4-29
Effect of Disabling TTL
Propagation
A D
B C
A D
TTL exceeded B C
-2
traceroute 10.1.1.1
1 10 ms A.acme.com
A D
TTL exceeded B C
-1
traceroute 10.1.1.1
1 10 ms A.acme.com
2 10 ms A.acme.com
• The second traceroute packet that
reaches the network is dropped on
router A.
• An ICMP TTL exceeded message is
sent to the source from router A.
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. MPLS v1.0—4-39
Traceroute Through ATM
LSRs Example (3)
TTL is decreased by Label
3 IP TTL
TTL
The new TTL value
would be 0
The packet is
dropped.
3
A D
TTL exceeded B C
0
traceroute 10.1.1.1
1 10 ms A.acme.com
2 10 ms A.acme.com
• The third traceroute packet that 3 10 ms A.acme.com
reaches the network is dropped on
router A.
• An ICMP TTL exceeded message is
sent to the source from router A.
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. MPLS v1.0—4-40
Traceroute Through ATM
LSRs Example (4)
TTL is decreased by Label
3 IP TTL
TTL
The new TTL value is
1
The packet is
forwarded.
4 1 1 1
A D
B C
0
TTL exceeded
traceroute 10.1.1.1
1 10 ms A.acme.com
2 10 ms A.acme.com
• The fourth traceroute packet that 3 10 ms A.acme.com
4 10 ms D.acme.com
reaches the network is dropped on
router D.
• An ICMP TTL exceeded message is
sent to the source from router D.
© 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. MPLS v1.0—4-41
LDP Path Vector TLV
10.0.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/16
PV=D,C,E,B PV=D
A D
B C
10
PV .0.
,C 6
=D 0.0
=D .0/1
,C /16
PV 0.0
,E
.
E 10
E
ISP1 ISP2
EBGP EBGP
Transit AS
IBGP RR IBGP RR IBGP
Border1 Border2
Core1 Core2
8
ISP1 ISP2
.0/
.0.
0
1.2.3.4
.0.
0.0
10
10.0.0.0/8
/8
Border1 Border2
Core1 Core2
FIB:
FIB: 1.2.3.4/32 1.2.3.4/32
1.2.3.4/32 FIB:
FIB:
1.2.3.4
1.2.3.423
23
1.2.3.4
1.2.3.4 serial0/0
serial0/0
10.0.0.0/8 23 1.2.3.4/32 1.2.3.4/32
1.2.3.4/32 10.0.0.0/8 1.2.3.4
L=23 L=35 L=pop
LFIB: LFIB:
64 23
FIB: FIB:
1.2.3.4 35 1.2.3.4 pop
LFIB: LFIB:
23 35 35 pop
ISP1 ISP2
.1
10
1
1.2.3.4
.1.
.1.
1
10
.1
Border1 Border2
Core1 Core2
FIB:
FIB:
FIB:
FIB:
1.2.3.4
1.2.3.423
23 FIB: FIB: 1.2.3.4
1.2.3.4 serial0/0
serial0/0
10.0.0.0/8 23 1.2.3.4 35 1.2.3.4 pop 10.0.0.0/8 1.2.3.4
LFIB: LFIB: LFIB: LFIB:
64 23 23 35 35 pop