CHAPTER 1

(week 1-3)
Strain Analysis
Plain Strain
GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION
Normal strain c
x
and c
y
are
positive if cause elongation
along x and y axis
Shear strain
xy
is positive
if the interior angle AOB
become smaller than 90
0
.
u
0
will be positive using the
right-hand fingers.
i.e counterclockwise
Normal and Shear Strains
In Fig a :



Positive c
x
occur
line d
x
elongated c
x
d
x
, which cause
line dx to
elongated c
x
d
x
cos
u.



u
u
sin
cos
'
'
dx dy
dx dx
=
=
Positive c
y
occur line d
y
elongated c
y
d
y
, which cause line d
y
to elongated
c
y
d
y
sin u.
Assuming dx fix in position.
Shear strain
xy
changes in angle
between dx and dy. dy displaced
xy

dy to the right.
Dx elongate
xy
dy cos u
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
Adding all the elongations



u u + u c + u c = c
u u + u u c + u u c
= c
o
= c
cos sin sin cos
dx
cos ) sin dx ( sin ) sin dx ( cos ) cos dx (
dx
x
xy
2
y
2
x
x
'
'
xy
'
y
'
x
x
'
'
x
'
'
'
u + u c + u c = o cos dy sin dy cos dx
xy y x
x
'
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
u
u
sin
cos
'
'
dx dy
dx dx
=
=
u u + u c + u c = c cos sin sin cos
xy
2
y
2
x
x
'
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
u

+ u
c c
+
c + c
= c 2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
xy y x y x
x
'
u

u
c c

c + c
= c 2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
xy y x y x
y
'
Using trigonometric identities:
u

+ u
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
=

2 cos
2
2 sin
2 2
xy y x y x
' '
Principal Strains


Direction axis of principle
strain:


Max in Plane shear strain


Ave shear strain


Direction axis of shear
strain

2
xy
2
y x plane in max,
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
=

2
y x
ave
c + c
= c
) (
2 tan
y x
xy
p
c c

= u
|
|
.
|

\
|

c c
= u
xy
y x
s
2 tan
2
xy
2
y x y x
2 , 1
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c

c + c
= c
Construction of the Mohrs Circle
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

The procedure for drawing Mohr's circle for strain
follows the one established for stress.
Construction of the Circle.
Establish a coordinate system such that the
abscissa represents the normal strain c, with
positive to the right, and the ordinate represents
half the value of the shear strain, /2, with positive
downward.
Using the positive sign convention for c
x
, c
y
,
xy
as
shown in the Fig. , determine the center of the circle
C, which is located on the c axis at a distance
c
avg
= (c
x
+ c
y
)/2 from the origin.
Plot the reference point A having coordinates
A(c
x
,
xy
/2). This point represents the case for
which the x' axis coincides with the x axis. Hence
u = u.
Connect point A with the center C of the circle and
from the shaded triangle determine the radius R of
the circle.
Once R has been determined, sketch the circle.
The principal strains c
1
and c
2
are determined
from the circle as the coordinates of points B
and D, that is where /2 = 0, Fig. a.

The orientation of the plane on which c
1
acts can
be determined from the circle by calculating 2u
P1
,
using trigonometry. Here this angle is measured
counterclockwise from the radial reference line
CA to line CB, Fig. a. Remember that the rotation
of u
P1
must be in this same direction, from the
element's reference axis x to the x' axis, Fig. b.*

When c
1
and c
2
are indicated as being positive as
in Fig. a, the element in Fig. b will elongate in the
x' and y' directions as shown by the dashed
outline.
Principal Strain
The average normal strain and half the
maximum in-plane shear strain are determined
from the circle as the coordinates of points E
and F, Fig. a.

The orientation of the plane on which
max in plane

and c
avg
act can be determined from the circle
by calculating 2u
s1
, using trigonometry. Here
this angle is measured clockwise from the radial
reference line CA to line CE, Fig. a. Remember
that the rotation of u
s1
, must be in this same
direction, from the element's reference axis x
to the x' axis, Fig. c.

Maximum In Plane Shear Strain

The normal and shear strain components c
x,
and

xy
for a plane specified at an angle u, Fig. d, can
be obtained from the circle using trigonometry to
determine the coordinates of point P, Fig.a.

To locate P, the known angle u of the x' axis is
measured on the circle as 2u. This measurement is
made from the radial reference line CA to the
radial line CP. Remember that measurements for
2u on the circle must be in the same direction as u
for the x' axis!

If the value of c
y
, is required, it can be
determined by calculating the c coordinate of
point Q in Fig. a. The line CQ lies 180
o
away from
CP and thus represents a rotation of 90
0
of the x'
axis.
Strains on Arbitrary Plane
We can not measure stresses within a structural
member,
Instead we can measure strains and from them
the stresses can be computed
Even so, we can only measure strains on the
surface
Also in view of the very small changes in
dimensions, it is difficult to achieve accuracy in
the measurements

Strain Gauge and Rosette
In practice, electrical strain gage provide a more
accurate and convenient method of measuring strains.
A typical strain gauge is shown below.
The gage shown can measure normal
strain in the local plane of the surface in
the direction of line PQ, which is parallel
to the folds of paper.
This strain is an average value of for
the region covered by the gage, rather
than a value at any particular point.

Strain Gauge and Rosette (cont)
Strain Gauge and Rosette (cont)
The strain gauge is
not sensitive to normal strain in the direction perpendicular to
PQ,
nor does it respond to shear strain.
Therefore, in order to determine the state of strain at
a particular small region of the surface, we need more
than one strain gage.
To define a general two dimensional state of strain, we
need to have three pieces of information, such as
c
x
, c
y
and
xy
We therefore need to obtain measurements from three
strain gages.
These three gages must be arranged at different
orientations on the surface to from a strain rossette.

Strain Gauge and Rosette (cont)
A group of three gages arranged in a particular fashion is
called a strain rosette.
Rosette is mounted on the surface of the body, where the
material is in plane stress, therefore, the transformation
equations for plane strain to calculate the strains in various
directions.
The axes of the three gauges are arranged at the angles of u
a
,
u
b
, u
c
.
If the reading of c
a
, c
b
, c
c
taken, c
x
, c
y
,
xy
can be defined.
Value of c
x
, c
y
,
xy
are determined by solving these equations.
c c xy c
2
y c
2
x c
b b xy b
2
y b
2
x b
a a xy a
2
y a
2
x a
cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin cos
u u + u c + u c = c
u u + u c + u c = c
u u + u c + u c = c
45
o
or Rectangular Rosette
0
0
0
90
45
0
=
=
=
c
b
a
u
u
u
The equation become:
( )
c a b xy
c y
a x
2 c + c c =
c = c
c = c
Example of 45
o
strain rosette
60
0
Strain Rosette
( )
( )
c b xy
a c b y
a x
3
2
2 2
3
1
c c =
c c + c = c
c = c
0
c
0
b
0
a
120
60
0
= u
= u
= u
The equation become:
Example
Exercise
Figure shows 60 strain rosette attached on the mechanical
component to measure surface strains. The reading of the
strains measured by this gauge is as follows:

a
= 1000,

b
= 750,

c
= -650
Determine:
(i) the principal strains,
(ii) the maximum shearing strain and
(iii) the principal angles
Solution
Applying Transformation equation






Solving the above equations ,
we get c
x
=1000 , c
y
=-266.7 and
xy
=-1616.6



c c xy c
2
y c
2
x c
b b xy b
2
y b
2
x b
a a xy a
2
y a
2
x a
cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin cos
u u + u c + u c = c
u u + u c + u c = c
u u + u c + u c = c
+ c + c =
+ c + c =
+ c + c =
60 cos 60 sin 60 sin 60 cos 650
120 cos 120 sin 120 sin 120 cos 750
0 cos 0 sin 0 sin 0 cos 1000
xy
2
y
2
x
xy
2
y
2
x
xy
2
y
2
x
Solution (Contd.)
Applying the principal strain equation or using Mohrs strain
circle, we get


c
1
=1394 and c
2
-660 and
xy
=-1616.6
Max Shear Strain is


= 2050

Direction of principal planes
i.e., u
1
=-25.9 or 64.1 and
u
2
=154.1(bcas 2 u
2

=180+2 u
1
)
2
xy
2
y x y x
2 , 1
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c

c + c
= c
2
xy
2
y x
max
2 2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
=

) (
2 tan
y x
xy
p
c c

= u
Stress Strain Relationship
If a material subject to triaxial
stress (o
x
, o
y
, o
z
), associated
normal stress(c
x
, c
y
, c
z
)
developed in the material.
When o
x
is applied in x-
direction, the element elongated
with c
x
in x direction.
Application on o
y
cause the
element to contract with a
strain c
x
in the x direction.
Application Of o
z
cause the
element to contract with a
strain c
x
in the x direction.

E
=
E
=
E
=
z
x
y
x
x
x
o
v c
o
v c
o
c
' ' '
' '
'
The same result can be
developed for the normal
strain in the y and z
direction.
Final results can be
written as..

( ) | |
( ) | |
( ) | |
y x z z
z x y y
z y x x
1
1
1
o + o v o
E
= c
o + o v o
E
= c
o + o v o
E
= c
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
Applying only shear stress,t
y
to the element.
If to apply shear stress,t
y
to the element.
t
xy
will only cause deformation to
xy.
t
xy
will not cause deformation to
yz.
and
xz
t
yz
and

t
xz
will only cause deformation to

yz
and

xz
respectively.
Hooke Law for shear stress and shear
strain written as:
xz xz
yz yz
xy xy
G
G
G
t
t
t
1
1
1
=
=
=
Element subjected to normal
stresses only
Shear stress applied to the
elements
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
Modulus of elasticity, E is
related to shear modulus, G.

Dilatation (the change in
volume per unit volume or
volumetric strain, e.

Bulk Modulus (volume
modulus of elasticity), k.
( ) v +
=
1 2
E
G
( )
z y x
E
2 1
o + o + o
u
= e
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
( ) v 2 1 3
=
E
k