TUBING AND CASING DESIGN

Definisi
Casing adalah serangkaian pipa / tubular yang dipasang
pada sumur pemboran dan membentuk profile dari suatu
sumur. Secara umum disemen ditempat.
Tubing adalah serangkaian pipa /tubular yang dipasang
pada suatu sumur sebagai media mengalirnya fluida formasi
ke permukaan. Secara umum tergantikan.
Tujuan String Design
Memastikan integritas mekanis semua tubular yang
digunakan pada suatu sumur selama masa produksi.
Memberikan :
1. Design string yang aman
2. Optimasi biaya
3. Dokumentasi yang lengkap dari berbagai beban yang
diterima.
Oil Country Tubular Goods
In-Well Service Below the wellhead
Steel and Alloy Pipe
Casing
API Spec 5CT w/ API Std 5B for threads
API Spec 5L for large diameter >16
Tubing
API Spec 5CT w/ API Std 5B for threads
Drill Pipe
API Spec 5D w/ API Spec 7 for tool joints


Identifikasi
Casing dan Tubing di identifikasi oleh 4 parameter :
Size (Ukuran OD)
Weight (Berat lb/ft)
Grade
End Finish (type thread ulir)

Contoh : 9-5/8 47.00 #/ft P-110 BTC
Grade Material (API)
Parameter Design
Stress
Strain
Modulus Elastisitas
Hookes Law
Poissons Ratio
Basic Design
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain
Hookes Law
= E
Stress is proportional to strain
E is the proportionality constant called Youngs Modulus
Poisson Ratio




c
r
= radial (sometimes referred to as transverse) strain
c
a
= axial strain
a
r
c
c
= u
Kurva Stress-Strain




0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Stress
(ksi)
Strain - (in/in)
0.22 0.24
Ultimate
Strength
Yield Strength
15
Material Strength
16
Yield Strength
The stress beyond which the material will permanently deform.

Ultimate (Tensile Strength)
The stress required to part the material
Material Strength
17
Elastic Region
At stress below yield, the material will return to its original
shape after the load is removed.

Plastic Region
At stress above yield (and below ultimate) the material is
permanently deformed after the load has been removed.
Stress-Strain Curve
18
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Stress
(ksi)
Strain - (in/in)
0.22 0.24
Yield Strength
(API method)
Ultimate
Strength
Proportional
Limit
Yield Strength
(ASTM method)
18
19
19
Minimum Internal Yield
Minimum Internal Yield
Pressure
(Burst)

Onset of yielding of the
internal wall.
NOT RUPTURE
L
d
D
P
i
P
i
t
o
h
o
h
20
20
Minimum Internal Yield
Barlow equation for
thin wall cylinders:

Solving for internal
pressure:

The pressure which
causes yield is:
) L )( t )( 2 ( ) L )( d ( P
h i
o =
d
t 2
P
h
i
o
=
d
t Y 2
P
p
y
=
P
i
= inside pressure, d = outside diameter, L = arbitrary length,
t = wall thickness, o
h
= hoop stress, P
y
= yield pressure Y
p
= yield stress

20
Minimum Internal Yield
21
minimum
specified wall
nominal OD
minimum
specified
yield
(

(



D
t 2Y
0.875 = P
p
y
nominal wall thickness
Estimated Rupture Pressure
22
ultimate
strength
nominal OD
nominal ID
|
.
|

\
|
d
D
U
=
P
p r
ln
Based on Tresca
22
API Collapse Pressure
23
Function of:
Pipe OD to Wall Thickness Ratio (D/t)
Yield Strength
Axial Stress
Internal Pressure
Ovality
Eccentricity
Residual Stress
Modulus of Elasticity
Poissons Ratio
Stress-Strain Curve Shape
Not part of the traditional API collapse equations.
23
c,Y
pa
2
p
P
= 2Y
(D t) 1
(D t
)

(
For Low D/t Ratio Pipe
3.5" 12.95 lb/ft P110
Yield Collapse
24
For Moderate D/t Ratio Pipe
7" 32 lb/ft T95
c,P
P
=
Y

A
B C
pa
D t

Plastic Collapse
Refer to API RP5C3 for values of A, B and C formulas are on next slide
25
Factors A B and C
Values for selected yield strength is as follows:
Grade A B C
K-55 2.991 0.0541 1206
N-80 3.071 0.0667 1955
P-110 3.181 0.0819 2852
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
26
For High D/t Ratio Pipe
13.375" 72 lb/ft N80
c,T p
P
=
Y

F
G
a
D t

(
Transition Collapse
Refer to API RP5C3 for values of F and G formulas are on next slide
27
Factors F and G
28
For Very High D/t Ratio Pipe
16" 84 lb/ft N80
| | 1 ) ( ) t D (
10 95 . 46
=
P
2
6
E c,
t D
x
Elastic Collapse
29
High Collapse Pipe
Collapse Resistance is a function of:
The average D/t ratio in cross-section
The API yield strength of the material
The shape of the stress/strain curve
The ovality of the pipe
The residual stresses in the material
The eccentricity of the pipe wall
Modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio
30
Collapse With Axial Load
An axial load affects the resistance of the
pipe to collapse.
31
p p a
2 / 1 2
p a
a p
Y } ) Y / ( 0.5 ] ) Y / ( 0.75 1 [ { =
Y
o o
Y
pa
= Yield strength available for collapse.
The more tension the less collapse strength.
Collapse With Axial Load
32
P
o
= 10,000 psi
P
i
= 0 psi
P
o
= 11,000 psi
P
i
= 1,000 psi
Case A Case B
The collapse capabilities are different for these two cases.
Collapse With Internal Pressure
33
API:
P
e
= equivalent collapse pressure
i o e P t D P P )) / /( 2 1 ( =
Collapse With Internal Pressure
34
For D/t = 10:

Case A:
P
e
= 10000 - (1 2/10) 0 = 10,000 psi

Case B:
P
e
= 11000 (1 - 2/10) 1000 = 10,200 psi
i o e P t D P P )) / /( 2 1 ( =
Collapse With Internal Pressure
35
P
pb
= (pipe) body yield
strength, lbf
Tension Strength
p p
pb
Y = A
P
36
Tension Strength
API tension strength formulas use:
Minimum Specified Yield Strength
Nominal Pipe Body OD
Nominal Pipe Body Wall Thickness
37
API does not rate pipe and
connection in compression or
bending.
Compression Strength
38
7.000 in 32.00 lb/ft T95 Collapse Comparison
-12000
-11000
-10000
-9000
-8000
-7000
-6000
-5000
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
-1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
TENSION (COMPRESSION) - 1000 LBS
C
O
L
L
A
P
S
E

P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E

-

P
S
I
API 5C3 ISO
ISO 10400 Collapse Pressure
39
Material Density
ALLOY DENSITY (lb/in3) RATIO TO CARBON STEEL
Steel 0.283 1.000
Cr13 0.280 0.989
Duplex 0.289 1.021
Austenitic 0.290 1.025
Ni-3Mo 0.294 1.039
Ni-6Mo 0.300 1.060
C-276 0.321 1.134
40
API Grades Manufacture and Heat Treatment
41
Tensile and Hardness Requirements
42
L
o
a
d

/

X
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n

Change in Length
Total Extension Under Load
0.5% H40 T95
0.6% P110
0.65% Q12
Stress Strain Curve-Yield Stress API and ASTM
43
Chemical Composition
44
Heat Treat
45
Tensile and Hardness
S
o
u
r

S
e
r
v
i
c
e

M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s

46
Sour Service
47
Inspection
Electromagnetic
Ultrasonic
Gamma Ray
Eddy Current
Magnetic Particle
Pressure Test
Full Length Drift
48
Well Site Visual Inspections
Pipe Body
Drift (Rabbit)
Thread
Couplings
49
Exercise
Stress/Strain Exercise

You are looking at a stress-strain curve from a tension test just pulled on casing
considered for your well. Find the following information from the attached stress-strain
curve (see attached):

a) Elastic limit = __________________ psi.

b) Yield point (per ASTM method) = ____________________ psi.

c) Yield point (per API method) = ____________________ psi.

d) Ultimate strength = ___________________ psi.


50
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
1
,
0
0
0

p
s
i
)
Strain (in/in)
0.22 0.24
Stress - Strain Diagram for Problem 6
Exercise
51
52