BIODIESEL

Contents
Introduction
History
Processing and feedstock
Efficiency and energy security
Advantages
Applications
Biodiesel in India and around World
Business aspects
Setting up of biodiesel plant
 Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum based
diesel fuel consisting of long chain alkyl esters.
Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting
lipids and alcohol. It can be used alone or blended
with conventional petrol diesel in unmodified
diesel engine vehicles.
 Origin

G. Chavanne of University of Brussels (Belgium)

received patent for
“Procedure for transformation of vegetable oils
for their uses as fuels’’
Belgian Patent 422877
This was the first production of biodiesel
 Historical Background
Transesterification of vegetable oil by E. Duffy and
J. Patrick in 1853.
Rudolf Diesels 10ft iron cylinder with fly wheel self
powered ran on 10th August 1893 in Germany.
10th August declared as “International Biodiesel
Day”.
French Otto Company ran engine on peanut oil at
World Fair in Paris, France in 1900, received Grand
Prix.
 History Continued
In 1920, diesel Engine manufacturers altered their
engines to utilize lower viscosity of petro diesel.
More consumption of vegetable oil reported during
1920s and 1930s and during world war 2.
G. Chavanne received patent for biodiesel on 31st
August, 1937.
In 1983 process of manufacture was completed and
published internationally.
1st industrial scale plant was set up in April 1989.
 Processing of Biodiesel
Produced by transesterification of vegetable oil or
animal fat feedstock.

Bio
Oil Methanol Glycerol
Diesel
 Processing of Biodiesel
A lipid transesterification product process is
used to convert the base oil to the desired ester.
Any fatty acids in the base oil are either
converted to soap and removed from the
process, or they are esterified using an acidic
catalyst.
After processing we get biodiesel , very similar
to petroleum diesel.
 Production
Average annual growth rate is over 40% for the
period of 2002-2006.
For 2006, actual production was 5-6 million
tones and in which 4.9 million tones processed
in Europe alone.
In 2007, production in Europe alone had risen to
5.7 million.
The capacity for 2008 in Europe totally 16
million tones.
 Biodiesel Feedstock
Virgin oil feedstock rapeseed and soybean oil
(Soybean oil accounts 90% of all fuel stock)
Field pennycress, jatropha, mustard, flax,
sunflower, palmoil and waste vegetable oil
Animal fats including tallow, lard, yellow
grease and byproducts of fish oil
Algae grown using waste materials
Oil from halophytes such as salicornia bigelovii
Chicken Fat
 Efficiency
Average crops of rapeseed produce oil at an
average of 1,029 L/ha(110 US gal/acre), and
high yield rapeseed field s produce about 1,356
L/ha(145 US gal/acre).
When straw was left, Biodiesel production was
strongly energy positive, yielding 1Gj biodiesel
for every 0.56Gj of energy input.(yield/cost ratio
1.78)
When straw was used as burning fuel and
oilseed rapemeal was used as fertilizer,
yield/cost ratio was even better(3.71).
 Economic Arguments
Transitioning fully to biofuels could required
immense tracts of land if traditional food crops
are used.
Most nations don’t have sufficient arable land to
produce biofuel for the nation’s vehicles.
Honge oil nuts grown along roads are Jatropha
grown along rail lines.
In tropical regions such as Malaysia and
Indonesia, oil palm is being planted at rapid
pace to supply biodiesel demand in Europe and
other.
 Energy Security

Importance of energy security (e.g. – Energy

used to manufacture fertilizers)
Support of US NREL and White House" Energy
Security for 21st Century
Statement of the EU commission president, Jose
Manuel Barroso
 Advantages
Reduces Global warming
Alternative to petroleum products
Has high lubricity
Renewable domestic and clean
Based on variety of Feedstock
Long term maintenance reductions
Non toxic and Biodegradable
Decreases NOx emissions
Runs in conventional unmodified diesel engine
 Advantages Continued
Increases engine’s life and leave no deposits
Has 11% oxygen by weight and contain no
sulphur, hence no acid rain
Better green house effect
Combustion provides 90% reduction in total
unburned hydrocarbons.
10 times less toxic than table salt
Has high flashpoint
 Applications
Used in pure form (B100) or blended with
petroleum diesel.
Vehicular use
Railway use- Richard Branson’s Virgin Voyager
train was worlds first biodiesel train.
In 2007, Disneyland ran park trains on B98 biodiesel
(98%) biodiesel
Aircraft use- test flight performed by a Czech
Aircraft, announced by Rolls Royce and Air New
Zealand
First bio-fuel powered commercial aircraft from
London’s Heathrow airport to Amsterdam on 24
February, 2008
As a heating oil used in domestic and commercial
boilers
 Biodiesel in India
Biodiesel Technologies headquartered in Kolkata –
Sole proprietor Mr. Amitabha Sinha
Biodiesel Plants in Hyderabad and Pune
Buses ran on biodiesel in Pune
State Government of Orissa plans to use jatropha
plantations to secure jobs for its rural areas
India accounts for 2/3rds of world’s jatropha
plantations
Jatropha yields 40% oil and about 60-70 gallons of
oil per acre of land
 Biodiesel Around World
Parente’s company Tecbio is working with Boeing
and NASA to certify bio kerosene produced and
patented by a Brazilian scientist
Austrian BiofuelInstitute has identified 21 countries
with commercial biodiesel products
100% biodiesel is available at many service stations
across Europe like UK, France, Germany, Italy , Spain,
Greece, Hungary, Poland and Austria
Asian countries include India, China, Japan, Malaysia,
Singapore and Russia
Biodiesel Around World Continued
Global biodiesel production reached 3.8 million
tons in 2005
USA, Canada, Brazil and Argentina are the leading
American nations with production of 581 million
gpy
85% of biodiesel came from European diesel
Analysis estimates potential US biodiesel demands
in three specific markets having demand of 379 M L
per annum-
-Federal fleets
-Mining
-Marine/Estuary areas
Steps to start biodiesel business
Conduct a feasibility study
Write a business plan
Financial analysis and case scenarios
Solicit financing
Hire an engineering company
Develop your markets
Build the plant and the business
Important Business Factors
Feedstock supply
Market, market size and marketing issues
Government incentives
Source of funds
Plant and operating cost
Production processes and technologies
Transportation availability
Environmental issues
Site selection criteria
 Standard Recipe

100 lb + 21.71 lb
Oil Methanol

100.45 lb + 10.40 lb + 10.86 lb

Biodiesel Glycerol Excess Methanol
 Plant Cost
Basic estimates Vs all equipment estimates
Installation Cost + Equipment Cost = Installed
Cost
Installation cost equals 1.5 to 2 times the
equipment cost
New versus used equipment
Installation budget –
13 million US $ for 10 million gpy
19 million US $ for 20 million gpy
24 million US $ for 30 million gpy