Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF HARDNESS
Why Hardness is
objectionable
Excess of soap is required.
Form scale in boilers
Hydrogen produced may lead to
violent explosion
Fe3O4 + 4H2
4H2O + 3Fe(hot)
Calculation of Hardness
Units of Hardness
Parts per million (ppm)
1ppm = 1 part of CaCO3 equivalent in 106
parts of water
Milligrams per liter (mg/litre)
1 mg/liter = 1ppm
Degree Clarke (Cl)
Number of grains (1/7000lb) of CaCO3
equivalent per gallon (=10lb) of water
part of CaCO3 equivalent hardness in
70000 parts of water
Units of Hardness
Degree French ( Fr)
Parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per 105
parts of water
Various units:
1ppm = 1mg/lit = 0.1 Fr = 0.07 Cl
1 Cl = 1.43 Fr = 14.3ppm = 14.3mg/lit
1 Fr = 10ppm = 10mg/lit = 0.7 Cl
Problem # 1
A sample of water on analysis gave the following
results:
CaCO3 = 10gr/gallon,
MgSO4 = 4gr/gallon,
CaSO4 = 2 gr /gallon,
MgCl2 = 1 gr/gallon
Fe2O3 = 0.04gr/gallon,
SiO2 = 1 gr/gallon
Calculate the total hardness in degrees clarke.
Problem # 1
Amount
CaCO3
10gr/gallon
MgSO4
10x100/100=10
4gr/gallon
100/120
4x100/120=3.33
CaSO4
2 gr /gallon
100/136
2x100/136=1.47
MgCl2
1 gr/gallon
100/95
1x 100/95= 1.05
Exercise
Calculate the temporary hardness and permanent
hardness of water in ppm and degrees clarke from
the following results
Mg(HCO3)2=16.8mg/lit
MgCl2 = 19 mg/lit
Mg(NO3)2 = 29.6mg/lit
CaCO3 = 20mg/lit
MgSO4 = 20mg/lit
KCl = 74.5mg/lit
At. Mass of
H=1,C=12,O=16, N=14, Mg = 24, K = 39, Cl=35.3, Ca=
40,S=32
Exercise
What is the temporary hardness and
total hardness in ppm of sample of
water containing
Ca(HCO3)2 = 16.2mg/lit
Mg(HCO3)2 = 7.3 mg/lit
MgCl2 = 9.5mg/lit
CaSO4 = 13.6mg/lit
Ans. 15ppm, 35ppm
At. Mass of
H=1,C=12,O=16, N=14, Mg = 24, K = 39, Cl=35.3, Ca=
40,S=32
Exercise
What is the temporary hardness and total
hardness in ppm of sample of boiler feed
water containing
Ca(HCO3)2=18mg/lit
CaSO4=8.2 mg/lit
Mg(HCO3)2=5mg/lit
MgSO4=7.1 mg/lit
MgCl2 = 6.5mg/lit
At. Mass of
H=1,C=12,O=16, N=14, Mg = 24, K = 39, Cl=35.3, Ca=
40,S=32
Soln:
250 ml of unfiltered water = 0.255g solids
1000ml of unfiltered water = 0.255x1000g
solids
250
= 1.02g/1000ml
= 1020mg/lit
= 1020ppm
Soln:
250 ml of filtered water = 0.250g solids
1000ml of filtered water = 0.250x1000g
solids
250
= 1.0g/1000ml
= 1000mg/lit
= 1000ppm
Soln:
Suspended solids content
= 1020-1000
= 20ppm
Lime-Soda Process
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
2CaCO3 +2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 +2 Ca(OH)2
2CaCO3 +Mg(OH)2 +2H2O
MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2
Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2
MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2
Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4
FeSO4 + Ca(OH)2
Fe(OH)2 + CaSO4
2Fe(OH)2 + H2O + 0.5O2 2Fe(OH)3
Co2 + Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 +H2O
2HCl + Ca(OH)2
CaCl2 + H2O
H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + H2O
CaCl2 + Na2CO3
CaCO3 + 2NaCl
CaSO4 + Na2CO3
CaCO3 + Na2SO4
2HCO3- + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 +H2O +CO32-
Soln:
Note:
NaCl, SiO2, Fe2O3 dont require soda and
lime
Salt
Amount
Hardness
CaCO3
1.7ppm
1.78100/100=1.7ppm
CaSO4
0.84ppm
0.84100/136=0.617
MgCO3
0.72ppm
0.72100/84=0.857
MgCl2
0.78ppm
0.78100/95=0.82
MgSO4
0.68ppm
0.68100/120 =1.41
Exercise
Calculate the amount of lime and soda needed for
softening of 10000 lit of hard water which on
analysis gives
CO2 = 30ppm
Mg(HCO3)2 =87.6ppm
MgCl2=95ppm
Mg(NO3)2 = 29.6ppm
MgSO4 = 48ppm
H2SO4 = 19.6ppm
Mg=24,C=12, Cl=35.3,Na=23, O=16,S=32,H=1
Ans= 2.803kg,2.014kg
Exercise
Calculate the cost of Lime and Soda
required for softening of one million liters
of water having the following composition:
Free CO2 = 40ppm
Carbonate hardness = 205ppm,(CaCO3)
Free HCl = 36ppm
Rate of Lime is Rs.15 / 40kg and that of
soda is Rs 16/kg