TOP-DOWN & BOTTOM UP

Presented by: Shardul Agarwal (CH-9265)

TOP-DOWN building something

by starting with a larger component and carving away material. BOTTOM UP building something by assembling smaller components.

These phrases were coined by the Foresight Institute in 1989.

Conventional manufacturing processes are "top down," in which material is produced in bulk but not atomically precise. The top-down approach often uses the traditional workshop or microfabrication methods where externally controlled tools are used to cut, mill, and shape materials into the desired shape and order. Micropatterning techniques, such as photolithography and inkjet printing belong to this category.

e.g. Photolithography, to make copper circuit on a flame retardant wafer

e.g. Nanosphere lithography - SEM images of a latex nanosphere mask and triangular gold nanoprisms obtained by evaporating gold over colloidal mask.

Effect of increasing the electrolyte concentration in formation of ordered array.

General principle of colloid lithography

It is a molecular manufacturing process to mass produce large atomically precise objects. Bottom-up use the chemical properties of single molecules to cause single-molecule components to self-organize or self-assemble into some useful conformation, rely on positional assembly. These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or molecular recognition. e.g. sol-gel synthesis, chemical vapor deposition, chemical precipitation.

Electric field aligning of nanowires Self-assembly of organic monolayers

Nanoparticles by flame pyrolysis

e.g. Chemical Synthesis Figure shows a highly simplified scheme of the principal steps of nanosized particle formation in solution

Top-down
Once Research and

Bottom-up
Self-Assembly processes Less product defects

Development of manufacturing line is complete costs drop

Bulk production

and more homogeneous chemical composition

Top-Down
Contamination Machine Cost Complexity

Bottom Up
Not very robust products Lengthy process to

obtain nanoparticles patterns and structures

Physical limits(diffraction) Forming complex

Internal stresses Surface imperfections Heat dissipation Material wastage (etching)

Crystal imperfections of top-down approachcavities, irregular edges, wrinkly surface

 Nanotech Resources at Stanford- Stanford Nanofabrication

Facility- snf.stanford.edu/research/nanotech.htm Nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Some Notes on Top Down vs. Bottom Up.-David R. Forrest, 5 September 2008 people.bath.ac.uk/acb40/Dreamweaver%20Website/nanomet rologyandnanomanufacturing.html www.gitam.edu/eresource/nano/nanotechnology/nanotechn ology%20web%201.htm NanoYou- fundamental concepts in nanoscience and nanotechnologies Nanoscale materials in chemistry- Kenneth J Klabunde