GREEN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

MCM 514: GREEN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Green building: Green house effect; global warming; green architecture; passive solar design; green building materials (product selection criteria and sustainable managed materials); building technologies; water management and waste management; future of green building; renewable energies; LID system for storm water management; rainwater management; climate zones in India Sustainable architecture: Meaning of sustainable building; environment concerns; heartbeat of new construction process; resource conservation; comprehensive evaluation of high-rise structure for sustainability with fivedomain theory Energy efficient building: Meaning; design details and methods Green building movement: Green movement in India (IGBC, TERI, GRIHA); global green movement (LEED in US; BREEAM in UK; BEAM in Hong Kong; GBCA (green star) in Australia); Carbon Credit and trading; Zero carbon-city (Masdar city case study) Environment clearance for construction project: Importance; procedure; Performa for environmental appraisal of new project; list of data required for EC; limitation and requirement scheme for EC

Green House Effect Global Warming

Global Warming
The Sun rays are reflected from earths surface as an Infrared radiation back into the atmosphere. Some of these Infrared radiations are absorbed by gases (such as CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluride, etc) and re-radiated as heat, back to earth. This is green house effect.

How Global Warming Works

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

Example of the Greenhouse Effect

The Suns energy passes through the cars windshield.

This energy (heat) is trapped inside the car and cannot pass back through the windshield, causing the inside of the car to warm up.

Global Warming

Sun

Earth

Global Warming

Sun

The chemical composition of the atmosphere is nitrogen (78%); about 21% is oxygen, which all animals need to survive; and only a small percentage (0.036%) is made up of carbon dioxide which plants require for photosynthesis. .

Earth

Global Warming

Sun

Earth

Global Warming

Sun

Earth

Global Warming

Sun

Gases

Earth

Global Warming

Sun

Greenhouse gases re-emit some of this heat to the earth's surface. If they did not perform this useful function, most of the heat energy would escape, leaving the earth cold (about -18 C) and unfit to support life.

Earth

Heat

Global Warming
However, ever since the Industrial Revolution began about 150 years ago, man-made activities have added significant quantities of GHGs to the atmosphere.

Sun

The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have grown by about 31%, 151% and 17%, respectively, between 1750 and 2000

Earth

Global Warming
The three greenhouse gases most frequently found in nature are:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) a naturally occurring gas released as a by-product of fossil fuel combustion, selected industrial processes and changes in the patterns of land-use, particularly deforestation. In terms of gross volume of emissions, it is by far the most important greenhouse gas.

Global Warming
Methane (CH4) a gas released in coal mining, landfill operations, livestock raising and natural gas/oil drilling (among other processes). Methane has a global warming potential of 21 (in other words, it is 21 times more potent in terms of global warming effect than carbon dioxide).

Global Warming
Nitrous oxide (N2O) a gas emitted during fertilizer manufacturing and fossil fuel combustion. The transportation sector is usually a significant contributor to N2O emissions. N2O has a global warming potential of 310. Human activity clearly contributes to the increased concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O in the atmosphere, but they can also be released through natural processes.

Global Warming
In addition to these three greenhouse gases, there are three additional classes of engineered gases, which occur on a very limited basis in nature. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) a group of gasses emitted in selected manufacturing processes and frequently used in refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. HFC-23, HFC12, HFC-134a and HFC 152a have global warming potentials of 11,700, 2800, 1300 and 140 respectively.

Global Warming
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) similar to HFCs, PFCs were developed and introduced as an alternative to ozone depleting CFCs and HCFCs. They are emitted in a variety of manufacturing processes. Their global warming potential ranges from 6.500 for CF4 to 9,200 for C2F6.

Global Warming
Sulphur hexofluoride (SF) the most potent greenhouse gas, released in a very limited number of manufacturing processes where it is used as a dielectric fluid. The global warming potential of SF6 is equal to 23,900, and one molecule of SF6 has the atmospheric lifetime of 3,200 years. Hence, SF6 represent the most dangerous group of anthropogenicinduced greenhouse gas emissions.

Global Warming
Each year about 27 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide are belched out into the atmosphere - 7 billion tonnes are absorbed by oceans; - 7 billion tonnes are taken up by forests,and; - 13 billion tonnes accumulate in the atmosphere each year. the atmosphere has risen much faster than expected, from an average of 13 to 18 billion tonnes.

Global Warming
Developed countries produce Green House Gases - gases generated from human activities including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, changes in land use, such as deforestation Contributing to Green House Effect

Effect of Global Warming/ Green house effect

global warming process is threatening our current environment It melts polar ice caps

Effects of global warming..

The increase in temperature > rise in sea level from melting glaciers and polar ice caps (adds 0.2 mm annually) Rising temperatures will also cause drier conditions in many important agricultural regions.

Rising Sea levels

The rise of temperature, even to a few degrees, could lead to the melting of ice shelves that hold back glaciers. This results in rising sea levels The Larsen area of North Antarctic, South of Chili and Argentina have lost more than 5,200 sq miles of area.

GLOBAL WARMING: Sea Life

GLOBAL WARMINGS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SEA LIFE
Coral Reef Bleaching Change in temperature and elevated sea level cause loss of algae in the coral. Coral appears white, or bleached. Result is mass death of sea animals, which are dependent on the coral reef. The penguin population near Antarctica has been declining as the distance between them and their food has increased.

The Effects of Global Warming on Land animals

Global warming can disrupt the migration, hibernation and reproductive cycles of certain types of animals. Plants and animals will find it hard to escape or adjust to the effects of warming because humans occupy so much land. Farmland or cities interrupt the movement of species between habitats.

Health & Global Warming

- Extreme temperatures can directly cause the loss of life - (ex: 35,000 people died during heat wave in Europe, Aug03.)
- Warmer weather provides an ideal breeding environment for mosquitoes. Diseases such as West Nile will be more common.

Tropical Diseases
Global Warming increases drought which lessens the supply of clean drinking water. Cholera It increases temperature providing an ideal breeding environment for mosquitoes. Dengue fever Malaria Yellow fever

IMPACT ON AIR
The atmospheres ultimate fate is unclear. More evaporation increase in cloud cover How High Will the Clouds Be? It makes a difference! Clouds close to the earth reflect sunlight cooling effect. Clouds high in the atmosphere trap heat warming effect.

 Collapse of the monsoons in Asia severe drought to Indonesia and northern Australia. Severe weather disturbances in other parts of the world, such as droughts in areas of Africa and central North America.

Effects of Global Warming

Rising Sea Level Increased Temperature

Habitat Damage and Species Affected

Changes in Water Supply

Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UNFCCC, an international treaty on global warming Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases A total of 141 countries have ratified the agreement. Notable exceptions include the United States and Australia

Continued..
It was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, opened for signature on March 16, 1998, and closed on March 15, 1999 Current estimates are that even if successfully and completely implemented, the Kyoto Protocol is predicted to reduce the average global temperature by somewhere between 0.02C and 0.28C by the year 2050

UN Framework on Climate Change

Article 2 (iv) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new and renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies

(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;
(viii) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of energy

The Climate Stewardship Act

First introduced in the senate in 2003 and reintroduced in February 2005 It would reduce carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbon and perfuorocarbons which are released by power plants to 2000 levels by 2015. The bill reduces the risk of global warming without hurting the economy.

How To Prevent Global Warming:

Plant trees Conserve energy: (examples: 1. use low-energy, lowwater-use washing machines, 2. use a solar heated system for hot water, 3. use an electric or push mower for gasoline powered mower) Buy energy efficient products Buy products that have reusable or recyclable packaging Reduce use of car (walk instead)

Whats being done now to reduce our emissions?

Wind Power

Solar Power

Fuel-Efficiency

Be Bulb SmartUse CFLs

Incandescent

Whats the difference?

Compact Fluorescent

500 lbs. of coal

1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided $30 saved

Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV when youre not using it. Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.

Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or

curtains. Turn off the lights when you leave a room. Use compact fluorescent bulbs.

Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when its hot instead of turning up

the air conditioning. Or use a fan.

Dress warmly when its cold instead of turning up the heat.

Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on

your AC and furnace clean. Walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in the car. Plant a tree. Recycle.

What can you do to help solve the problem?

3Rs
of Saving Mother Nature

Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle!

Our take-home message

Each of us must take steps to protect our Earth's climate.