Summary Sheet

Session Number : 5 Date : 09.04.2007 Subject Expert :

Dr. M.C. Nataraja Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore 570 006. Phone:0821-2343521, 9880447742 E-mail: nataraja96@yahoo.com
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Design and Detailing of Counterfort

Retaining wall
Dr. M.C. NATARAJA

Counterfort Retaining wall

When H exceeds about 6m, Stem and heel thickness is more More bending and more steel Cantilever-T type-Uneconomical Counterforts-Trapezoidal section 1.5m -3m c/c
CF

Stem Base Slab

CRW
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Parts of CRW
Same as that of Cantilever Retaining wall Plus Counterfort

Stem

Counterforts

Toe Base slab

Heel

Cross section

Plan
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Design of Stem
The stem acts as a continuous slab Soil pressure acts as the load on the slab. Earth pressure varies linearly over the height The slab deflects away from the earth face between the counterforts The bending moment in the stem is maximum at the base and reduces towards top. But the thickness of the wall is kept constant and only the area of steel is reduced. BF

p=Kah

Maximum Bending moments for stem

Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16 (occurring mid-way between counterforts) and Maximum -ve B.M= pl2/12 (occurring at inner face of counterforts) Where l is the clear distance between the counterforts and p is the intensity of soil pressure

Design of Toe Slab

The base width=b =0.6 H to 0.7 H The projection=1/3 to 1/4 of base width. The toe slab is subjected to an upward soil reaction and is designed as a cantilever slab fixed at the front face of the stem. Reinforcement is provided on earth face along the length of the toe slab. In case the toe slab projection is large i.e. > b/3, front counterforts are provided above the toe slab and the slab is designed as a continuous horizontal slab spanning between the front counterforts.

Design of Heel Slab

The heel slab is designed as a continuous slab spanning over the counterforts and is subjected to downward forces due to weight of soil plus self weight of slab and an upward force due to soil reaction. Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16 (mid-way between counterforts) And Maximum -ve B.M= pl2/12 (occurring at counterforts)
BF

Design of Counterforts
The counterforts are subjected to outward reaction from the stem. This produces tension along the outer sloping face of the counterforts. The inner face supporting the stem is in compression. Thus counterforts are designed as a T-beam of varying depth. The main steel provided along the sloping face shall be anchored properly at both ends. The depth of the counterfort is measured perpendicular to the sloping side.

Behaviour of Counterfort RW
-M +M

Important points Loads on Wall

COUNTERFORT

Deflected shape Nature of BMs

STEM

Position of steel
-M

Counterfort details
HEEL SLAB
TOE +M

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PROBLEM -Counterfort Retaining Wall

A R.C.C. retaining wall with counterforts is required to support earth to a height of 7 m above the ground level. The top surface of the backfill is horizontal. The trial pit taken at the site indicates that soil of bearing capacity 220 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.25 m below the ground level. The weight of earth is 18 kN/m3 and angle of repose is 30. The coefficient of friction between concrete and soil is 0.58. Use concrete M20 and steel grade Fe 415. Design the retaining wall.
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Draw the following: Cross section of wall near the counterfort Cross section of wall between the counterforts L/s of stem at the base cutting the counterforts
Given: fck = 20 N/mm2, fy = 415N/mm2, H = 7 m above G.L, Depth of footing below G.L. = 1.25 m, = 18 kN/m3, = 0.58, fb =SBC= 220 kN/m2

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a. Proportioning of Wall Components

Coefficient of active pressure = ka = 1/3 Coefficient of passive pressure= kp = 3 The height of the wall above the base = H = 7 + 1.25 = 8.25 m. Base width = 0.6 H to 0.7 H (4.95 m to 5.78 m), Say b = 5.5 m Toe projection = b/4 = 5.5/4 = say 1 .2 m Assume thickness of vertical wall = 250 mm Thickness of base slab = 450 mm

h1= 7m

1.25 m

b=5.5 m

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Spacing of counterforts
l = 3.5 (H/)0.25 = 3.5 (8.25/18)0.25 = 2.88 m c/c spacing = 2.88 + 0.40 = 3.28 m say 3 m
Provide counterforts at 3 m c/c. Assume width of counterfort = 400 mm clear spacing provided = l = 3 - 0.4 = 2.6 m
l

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Details of wall
250 mm CF: 3m c/c, 400 mm h1=7 m h=7.8 m H=8.25 m

d 1.25m 1.2 m b=5.5 m

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4.05m

b. Check Stability of Wall

Sr. No. 1 2 Description of loads Weight of stem W1 Weight of base slab W2 Weight of earth over heel slab W3 Total Loads in kN 25x0.25x1x7.8 = 48.75 25x5.5x1x0.45 = 61.88 18x4.05x1x7.8 = 568.62 W = 679.25 Dist. of e.g. from T in m 1.2 + 0.25/2 =1.325 5.5/2 =2.75 1.45 +4.05/2 = 3.475 Moment about T in kN-m 64.59 170.17

1975.95 W =2210.71
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250 mm W1 W3 h1= 7000 W R PA Df= 1250 A T 1200 mm B C e b/3 4050 mm W2 X D k aH PA H/3 H 8250

450

b/2 Pressure distribution

Cross section of wall-Stability analysis

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Stability of walls
Horizontal earth pressure on full height of wall = Ph = kaH2 /2 =18 x 8.252/(3 x 2) = 204.19 kN Overturning moment = M0 = Ph x H/3 = 204.19 x 8.25/3 = 561.52 kN.m. Factor of safety against overturning = M / M0 = 2210.71/561.52 = 3.94 > 1.55 safe.

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Check for sliding

Total horizontal force tending to slide the wall = Ph = 204.19 kN Resisting force = .W = 0.58 x 679.25 = 393.97 kN Factor of safety against sliding = .W / Ph = 393.97/204.19 = 1.93 > 1.55 ... safe.

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Check for pressure distribution at base

Let x be the distance of R from toe (T), x = M / W = 2210.71 -561.52 /679.25 = 2.43 m Eccentricity=e = b/2 - x = 5.5/2 - 2.43 = 0.32 < b/6 (0.91m) Whole base is under compression. Maximum pressure at toe = pA = W / b ( 1+6e/b) = 679.25/5.5 ( 1+ 6*0.32/5.5) = 166.61 kN/m2 < f b (i.e. SBC= 220 kN/m2) Minimum pressure at heel = pD = 80.39 kN/m2 compression.
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Intensity of pressure at junction of stem with toe i.e. under B = pB = 80.39 + (166.61 - 80.39) x 4.3/5.5 = 147.8kN/m2 Intensity of pressure at junction of stem with heel i.e. under C =Pc= 80.39 + (166.61 - 80.39) x 4.05/5.5 = 143.9 kN/m2

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250 mm

H 8250 R

PA
1250 450 A 1200 mm B X C 4050 mm D

b/2 80.39 kN/m2

166.61 153.9 147.8 143.9 kN/m2

5500 mm
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b) Design of Toe slab

Max. BMB = psf x (moment due to soil pressure - moment due to wt. of slab TB]

= 1.5 [147.8 x 1.22/2 + (166.61 - 147.8) x 1.2 (2/3 x 1.2) -(25x 1.2 x 0.45 x 1.2/2) =174.57 kN-m.
Mu/bd2= 1.14 < 2.76, URS

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b) Design of Toe slab- Contd.,

To find steel

pt=0.34% <0.96%, A st =1326 mm2, # 16 @150 However, provide # 16 @110 from shear considerations. Area provided =1827 mm2 , pt=0.47% Development length= 47 x 16=750 mm Distribution steel = 0.12 x 1000 x 450/100 = 540 mm2 Provide #12 mm at 200 mm c/c. Area provided = 565 mm2

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Check for Shear

Critical section for shear: At distance d (= 390 mm) from the face of the toe pE = 80.39 + (166.61 - 80.39) (4.3 + 0.39)/5.5 d = 153.9kN/m2 Net vertical shear = (166.61 + 153.9) x 0.81/2 - (25 x 0.45 x 0.81) =120.7 kN. Net ultimate shear = Vu.max = 1.5 x 120.7 =181.05 kN. v= 181.05x 1000/1000x390 =0.46 MPa pt = 100 x 1827/ (1000 x 390) = 0.47 % uc = 0.36 + (0.48 - 0.36) x 0.22/0.25 = 0.47N/mm2 > vsafe

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Counterfort RW
+M

-M

COUNTERFORT STEM

-M
HEEL SLAB TOE +M
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(c) Design of Heel Slab

Continuous slab. Consider 1 m wide strip near the outer edge D The forces acting near the edge are Downward wt. of soil=18x7.8xl= 140.4 kN/m Downward wt. of heel slab = 25 x 0.45 x 1= 11.25 kN/m Upward soil pressure 80.39 kN/m2= 80.39 x 1= 80.39 kN/m Net down force at D= 140.4 + 11.25 - 80.39 = 71.26 kN/m Also net down force at C = 140.4 + 11.25 - 143.9 = 7.75 kN/m Negative Bending Moment for heel at junction of counterfort Mu= (psf) pl2 /12 = 1.5 x 71.26 x 2.62/12 = 60.2 kN-m (At the junction of CF)

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166.61 153.9 147.8 143.9 kN/m2

80.39 kN/m2

5500 mm

7.75 kN/m 71.26 kN/m

Forces on heel slab

D
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To find steel Mu/bd2=60.2x106/(1000x3902)= 0.39 < 2.76, URS To find steel pt=0.114% <0.12%GA (Min. steel), <0.96%(pt,lim.) Provide 0.12% of GA

Ast= 0.12x1000x450/100 = 540 mm2 Provide # 12 mm @ 200 mm c/c, Area provided = 565 mm2 pt= 100 x 565/ (1000 x 390) = 0.14 %
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Check for shear (Heel slab)

Maximum shear = Vu,max = 1.5 x 71.26 x 2.6/2 = 139 kN For Pt, = 0.14 % and M20 concrete, uc= 0.28 N/mm2

v= Vumax/bd =0.36 N/mm2 , uc < v, Unsafe, Hence shear steel is needed

Using #8 mm 2-legged stirrups, Spacing=0.87x415x100/[(0.36-0.28)x1000] = 452 mm < (0.75 x 390 = 290 mm or 300 mm ) Provide #8 mm 2-legged stirrups at 290 mm c/c.

Provide for 1m x 1m area as shown in figure

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R
1250 450 1200 A B mm C 4050 mm b/2

4050 mm
3000 TOE C 2600 HEEL x1 D

Area for stirrups

139 SFD 71.28 kN/m

y1 7.75 kN/m Net down force dia.

Shear analysis and Zone of shear steel

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Area of steel for +ve moment (Heel slab)

Maximum +ve ultimate moment = psf x pl2/16 = 3/4 Mu = 0.75 x 60.2= 45.15 kN-m. Mu/bd2=Very small and hence provide minimum steel. Ast,min= 540 mm2 Provide # 12 mm bars at 200 mm c/c. Area provided = 565 mm2 > 540 mm2

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Check the force at junction of heel slab with stem The intensity of downward force decreases due to increases in upward soil reaction. Consider m width of the slab at C Net downward force= 18 x 7.8 +25 x 0.45 - 143.9 = 7.75 kN/m. Provide only minimum reinforcement.
Distribution steel Ast = 0.12 x 1000 x 450/100 = 540 mm2 Using # 12 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 113/468 = 241 mm. Provide # 12 mm at 200 mm c/c. Area provided = 565 mm2
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(d) Design of Stem (Vertical Slab).

Continuous slab spanning between the counterforts and subjected to earth pressure. The intensity of earth pressure = ph = ka h =18 x 7.8/3=46.8 kN/m2 Area of steel on earth side near counterforts : Maximum -ve ultimate moment, Mu = 1.5 x ph l2/12 = 1.5 x 46.8 x 2.62/12 = 39.54 kN.m. Required d = (39.54 x 106/(2.76 x 1000)) = 119 mm However provide total depth = 250 mm Mu/bd2= 39.54x106/1000x3902=1.1 < 2.76, URS
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To find steel: Pt=0.34% <0.96%, Ast=646 mm2, #12 mm @ 170 mm c/c, However provide #12 mm @ 110 mm c/c, Area provided = 1027.27 mm2,Pt= 0.54 %.
As the earth pressure decreases towards the top, the spacing of the bars is increased with decrease in height.

Max.ult. shear = Vumax = 1.5 x 46.8 x 2.6/2 = 91.26 kN For Pt, = 0.54 % and M20 concrete uc= 0.5 N/mm2
v= Vumax/bd =91.28 x1000/(100X190)=0.48 N/mm2, Shear steel is not needed and hence safe.
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(e) Design of Counterfort

At any section at any depth h below the top, the total horizontal earth pressure acting on the counterfort = 1/2 kay h2x c/c distance between counterfort = 18 x h2 x 3 x 1/6 = 9 h2 B.M. at any depth h = 9h2xh/3 = 3h3 B.M. at the base at C= 3 x 7.83 = 1423.7 kN.m. Ultimate moment = Mu= 1.5 x 1423.7 = 2135.60 kN.m. Counterfort acts as a T-beam. Even assuming rectangular section, d =(2135.6 x 106(2.76 x 400)) = 1390 mm
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The effective depth is taken at right angle to the reinforcement. tan = 7.8/4.05 =1.93, = 62.5,

d = 4050 sin - eff. cover

= 3535 mm > > 1390 mm Mu/bd2=2135.6x106/(400x35352) =0.427, pt=0.12%, Ast=1696mm2 Check for minimum steel
h =7.8 m

d 4.05m

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Ast.min = 0.85 bd/fy = 0.85 x 400 x 3535/415 = 2896 mm2

Provided 4- # 22 mm + 4 - # 22 mm, Area provided = 3041 mm2 pt = 100 x 3041/(400 x 3535) = 0.21 % The height h where half of the reinforcement can be curtailed is approximately equal to H= 7.8=2.79 m Curtail 4 bars at 2.79-Ldt from top i.e, 2.79-1.03 =1.77m from top.

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Design of Horizontal Ties

The direct pull by the wall on counterfort for 1 m height at base = kah x c/c distance =1/3x18 x 7.8 x 3 = 140.4 kN Area of steel required to resist the direct pull = 1.5 x 140.4 x 103/(0.87 x 415) = 583 mm2 per m height. Using # 8 mm 2-legged stirrups, Ast = 100 mm2 spacing = 1000 x 100/583 = 170 mm c/c. Provide # 8 at 170 mm c/c. Since the horizontal pressure decreases with h, the spacing of stirrups can be increased from 170 mm c/c to 450 mm c/c towards the top.
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Design of Vertical Ties

The maximum pull will be exerted at the end of heel slab where the net downward force = 71.26 kN/m.

Total downward force at D = 71.26 x c/c distance bet. CFs = 71.28 x 3 = 213.78 kN.
Required Ast = 1.5 x 213.78 x 103/(0.87 x 415) = 888 mm2 Using # 8 mm 2-legged stirrups , Ast = 100 mm2 spacing = 1000 x 100/888 = 110 mm c/c. Provide # 8 mm 2-legged stirrups at 110 mm c/c. Increase the spacing of vertical stirrups from 110 mm c/c to 450 mm c/c towards the end C

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DRAWING AND DETAILING

COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL

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250 mm STEM 7000 #12@200

0-200mm COUNTERFORT

8250 mm

#12@200

1250

1200 mm 450 TOE #16@120 #12@200

4050 mm HEEL

#12@200

Cross section between counterforts

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250 mm

#12@400

8-#22

1.77m

#12@200 #12@ 110-300

#8@110-450, VS 8 - # 22 #8@170-450, HS

8250

1250 450

1200 mm

#16@120

#12@200

#12@200

Cross section through counterforts

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STRAIGHT BARS

STEM

Backfill
0.3l 0.25 l

Backfill

With straight bars

With cranked bars

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Section through stem at the junction of Base slab.

Backfill Backfill

Cross section of heel slab

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Examination Problems July 2006 Single bay Fixed Portal Frame Combined footing (Beam and slab type)

December 2006 T-shaped Cantilever Retaining wall Combined footing (Type not mentioned)
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Exam Problem (Dec. 2006) Design a T shaped cantilever retaining wall to retain earth embankment 3.2 m high above the ground level. The unit weight of the earth is 18 kN/m2 and its angle of repose is 30 degrees. The embankment is horizontal at it top. The SBC of soil is 120 kN/m2 and the coefficient of friction between soil and concrete is 0.5. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Draw the following to a suitable scale: 1. Section of the retaining wall 2. Reinforcement details at the inner face of the stem. 60 Marks Data: h1=3.2 m, =0.5, =18 kN/m2, =30, SBC= 120 kN/m2, M20 Concrete and Fe 415 steel Find H= h1 + Df
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